{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T18:24:23Z","timestamp":1787336663938,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010221","name":"Higher Education Commision, Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15618"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15618"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019789","name":"Punjab Agriculture Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PARB 21\u201267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PARB 21\u201267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Gildardo Rivera"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Fasciola gigantica (F. gigantica<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is a widespread zoonotic trematode that poses a substantial burden on livestock and public health in endemic regions. Elucidating host\u2013parasite interactions relies largely on proteomic data. Excretory-Secretory proteins (ESPs) can play central roles in the host-parasite interactions, immune evasion, and parasite pathogenicity; however, proteomic information on\n                      <jats:italic>F. gigantica<\/jats:italic>\n                      infecting buffalo remains scarce, particularly from Pakistan.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we present the first comprehensive proteomic characterization of adult\n                      <jats:italic>F. gigantica<\/jats:italic>\n                      recovered from naturally infected buffaloes in Punjab, Pakistan, with a specific focus on putative excretory\u2013secretory proteins.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Somatic protein extracts from adult flukes were initially assessed using sodium dodecyl sulfate\u2013polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS\u2013PAGE) and Western blotting, confirming a high abundance and broad molecular weight distribution of parasite proteins. Subsequent liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS) analysis generated the largest proteomic dataset for\n                      <jats:italic>F. gigantica<\/jats:italic>\n                      to date, a total of 4,777 proteins.\n                      <jats:italic>In\u2012silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      prediction using DeepLoc 2.0, SignalP, and transmembrane helices (TMHMM), enabled the identification of a substantial repertoire of putative ESPs, including both classical secretory proteins possessing N-terminal signal peptides and non-classical secreted proteins lacking transmembrane helices. Functional annotation and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that these proteins were predominantly associated with catalytic, hydrolase, and oxidoreductase activities, highlighting their roles in tissue invasion and nutrient acquisition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 4,777 proteins, 95 proteins associated with molecular functions, 77 in biological processes, and 65 in cellular components were linked to immune regulation, stress response, metabolic adaptation, and parasite survival. Pathway enrichment further highlighted their involvement in protein processing, signal transduction, and mechanisms facilitating host invasion and chronic infection. Collectively, these findings emphasize the vital role of proteins (somatic\/putative secreted) in orchestrating host\u2013parasite interactions and sustaining chronic infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0356497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T17:25:27Z","timestamp":1787333127000},"page":"e0356497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Proteomic characterization of adult Fasciola gigantica recovered from naturally infected buffaloes in Punjab Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8042-1310","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kinza","family":"Shahid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0544-4455","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mirza 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