{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:25:14Z","timestamp":1787163914889,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Regular physical activity (PA) remains challenging for many people with high cardiovascular risk and established cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to study correlates of PA behaviour in a population sample with increased cardiovascular risk and established CVD in Austria. We analysed cross-sectional data from the Paracelsus 10,000 study, a population-based cohort study of 40\u201370-year-olds in the city of Salzburg, Austria, and its surroundings. In a sub-sample of participants with increased cardiovascular risk and established CVD, we examined the associations between 29 correlates and leisure-time PA (weekly hours of walking, cycling and doing sports) as the primary PA outcome, as well as four secondary PA outcomes. We used stepwise multiple regression and machine learning models (decision trees, support vector machines, k-nearest neighbours, random forest and gradient boosting) to examine these associations. We analysed data from 1,173 participants with mean age 60.5 years (range 42\u201372 years). Nineteen percent of participants were female. Across the different PA outcomes and statistical analysis models, retirement, more PA during earlier life decades, and adherence to a Mediterranean diet were positively associated with PA behaviour. Greater comorbidity and depression were inversely associated with PA. In stepwise multiple regression, adjusted effect estimates on the primary PA outcome were 1.5 (SE 0.7, p\u2009=\u20090.0310) for retirement, 4.1 (SE 3.1, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) for past PA behaviour, 0.5 (SE 0.2, p\u2009=\u20090.0027) for Mediterranean diet, and \u22120.2 (SE 0.1, p\u2009=\u20090.0180) for depression. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the correlates of PA behaviour in populations at increased cardiovascular risk and with established CVD and may inform approaches for selective and personalised PA promotion strategies in cardiovascular care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0356607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:35:06Z","timestamp":1787160906000},"page":"e0356607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlates of physical activity behaviour in a population sample with increased cardiovascular risk and established cardiovascular disease: Cross-sectional analysis of data from the Paracelsus 10,000 prospective cohort study in Salzburg, Austria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5419-6713","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stefan T.","family":"Kulnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2416-8986","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna E.","family":"Carrozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devender","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8409-4512","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Melanie","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Blechert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rik","family":"Crutzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Langthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8139-5213","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin","family":"P\u00fchringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludmilla","family":"Kedenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arne C.","family":"Bathke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Iglseder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Paulweber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugen","family":"Trinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0356607.ref001","author":"World Heart Observatory"},{"key":"pone.0356607.ref002","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"pone.0356607.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice: Developed by the Task Force for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice with Representatives of the European Society of Cardiology and 12 Medical Societies with the Special Contribution of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC)","volume":"42","author":"FLJ Visseren","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0356607.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318825350","article-title":"Lifestyle and impact on cardiovascular risk factor control in coronary patients across 27 countries: Results from the European Society of Cardiology ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V registry","volume":"26","author":"K Kotseva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0356607.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/39188","article-title":"Determinants of Physical Activity in the Cardiac Population: Protocol for a Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"J Gutenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"issue":"9838","key":"pone.0356607.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60735-1","article-title":"Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not?","volume":"380","author":"AE Bauman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0356607.ref007","first-page":"1","article-title":"Paracelsus 10,000: An observational cohort study about the health status of the population of Salzburg, Austria. 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