{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T18:24:52Z","timestamp":1787336692768,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Teaching Research Program of Anhui Higher Education Institutions","award":["2022jyxm992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022jyxm992"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Anhui Higher Education Institutes","award":["AHIAI2022R02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AHIAI2022R02"]}]},{"name":"Bengbu Medical University","award":["2023xnjys01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023xnjys01"]}]},{"name":"National College Student\u2019s Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["202510367017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202510367017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Clogmia albipunctata<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>C. albipunctata<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is a synanthropic moth fly frequently found in humid human environments. Larvae of this species have been reported in suspected cases of intestinal myiasis, but whether they can establish true gastrointestinal infestation remains uncertain. This study evaluated the survival, development, and colonization potential of\n                      <jats:italic>C. albipunctata<\/jats:italic>\n                      using\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      digestive models and murine oral gavage models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Wild-caught moth flies were reared in artificial climate chambers to establish laboratory colonies. Species identification was subsequently performed through morphological characterization and molecular analysis. The\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      digestion model exposed\n                      <jats:italic>C. albipunctata<\/jats:italic>\n                      eggs and larvae to simulated gastrointestinal fluids, and their survival was monitored. For\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      assessment, BALB\/c mice were orally gavaged with viable eggs. Feces were examined for seven consecutive days, and gastrointestinal tissues were evaluated by time-point necropsy and histological examination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Laboratory colonization of\n                      <jats:italic>C. albipunctata<\/jats:italic>\n                      was successfully achieved, and the species identity was confirmed. The\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      digestion model demonstrated that standard simulated gastric fluid acts as a lethal barrier. Specifically, egg hatchability decreased from 76.80%\u2009\u00b1\u20093.57% in controls to 0% after digestion, and larval mortality increased from 19.17%\u2009\u00b1\u20093.01% to 99.17%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.83% after simulated gastric exposure. While simulated postprandial weakly acidic conditions (pH 2.0\u20135.0) partially attenuated this lethality, sequential intestinal fluid exposure induced further mortality.\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the oral gavage of viable eggs and live first-instar larvae in mice resulted in no fecal shedding, tissue injury, or pathological colonization in the gastrointestinal tract.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings indicate that healthy murine gastrointestinal conditions and simulated human digestive fluids are highly unfavorable for the survival and colonization of\n                      <jats:italic>C. albipunctata<\/jats:italic>\n                      eggs and larvae. The results support the interpretation that many suspected clinical cases may represent sample contamination or pseudomyiasis rather than true intestinal myiasis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0356742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T17:26:56Z","timestamp":1787333216000},"page":"e0356742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clogmia albipunctata fails to induce true intestinal myiasis: Evidence from in vitro and in vivo digestive models"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2356-5499","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Huahan","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linghong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumeng","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaocheng","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7484-6488","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356742.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084422","article-title":"A staging scheme for the development of the moth midge Clogmia albipunctata","volume":"9","author":"E Jim\u00e9nez-Guri","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0356742.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12092129","article-title":"Clogmia albipunctata (Nematocera; Psychodidae) as the etiologic agent of myiasis: true or false?","volume":"12","author":"M Akhoundi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356742.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1103.1","article-title":"First report of human myiasis in Goi\u00e1S state, Brazil: frequency of different types of myiasis, their various etiological agents, and associated factors","volume":"95","author":"LF Fernandes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356742.ref004","article-title":"An oviposition trap to collect immatures of coprophagous moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae)","volume":"92","author":"DA Lima","year":"2020","journal-title":"An Acad Bras Cienc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356742.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.04.006","article-title":"Hospital infestations by the moth fly, Clogmia albipunctata (Diptera: Psychodinae), in Germany","volume":"81","author":"M Faulde","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356742.ref006","first-page":"142","article-title":"Drain fly - Clogmia albipunctata (Diptera: Psychodidae) - a fly with epidemiological potential and posing risk of myiasis","volume":"69","author":"M Pij\u00e1\u010dek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol"},{"key":"pone.0356742.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2024.111584","article-title":"Clogmia albipunctata (Williston, 1893) midgut physiology: pH control and functional relationship with lower diptera (nematoceran) especially with hematophagous species","volume":"290","author":"LGF Malta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356742.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.09.019","article-title":"Role of the moth fly Clogmia albipunctata (Diptera: Psychodinae) as a mechanical vector of bacterial pathogens in German hospitals","volume":"83","author":"M Faulde","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0356742.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.190750","article-title":"Spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria by moth flies from hospital waste water system","volume":"26","author":"T Rupprecht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356742.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000109957.01170.4c","article-title":"Urinary myiasis associated with ureteral stent placements","volume":"23","author":"DY Hyun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356742.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000212615.66713.ba","article-title":"Intestinal myiasis caused by larvae of Telmatoscopus albipunctatus in a Taiwanese man","volume":"41","author":"W-C Tu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356742.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.141772","article-title":"Human urinary myiasis due to larvae of Clogmia (Telmatoscopus) albipunctata Williston (Diptera: Psychodidae) first report in Egypt","volume":"51","author":"AA El-Badry","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356742.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06563-9","article-title":"Unnoticed arrival of two dipteran species in Austria: the synanthropic moth fly Clogmia albipunctata (Williston, 1893) and the parasitic bird louse fly Ornithoica turdi (Olivier in Latreille, 1811)","volume":"119","author":"C Zittra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"558","key":"pone.0356742.ref014","first-page":"119","article-title":"Faunistic and bibliographical inventory of the Psychodinae moth-flies of North Africa (Diptera, Psychodidae)","author":"H Afzan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zookeys"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356742.ref015","article-title":"Human myiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"BJJ Jallow","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0356742.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006016","article-title":"Case report: A rare case of urinary myiasis induced by the fourth instar larvae of Telmatoscopus albipunctatus","volume":"11","author":"B Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0356742.ref017","first-page":"100888","article-title":"First record of a rare case of accidental urinary myiasis by Telmatoscopus albipunctata (Diptera: Psychodidae), with morphological description, in a human in Brazil","volume":"42","author":"JS Lignon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports"},{"key":"pone.0356742.ref018","article-title":"Human urinary myiasis due to larvae of Telmatoscopus (Clogmia) Albipunctata in Morocco: a case report","volume":"12","author":"G El Omri","year":"2024","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356742.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07325-2","article-title":"A rare case of residual root myiasis caused by Clogmia albipunctata larvae (Diptera: Psychodidae)","volume":"22","author":"J Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356742.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.07.023","article-title":"Human intestinal myiasis caused by Clogmia albipunctata larvae (Diptera: Psychodidae): first report in Egypt","volume":"13","author":"NA El-Dib","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356742.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-024-04881-w","article-title":"Intestinal myiasis caused by Clogmia albipunctata in Nepal: a case report","volume":"19","author":"BS Chalise","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356742.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw014","article-title":"Intestinal Myiasis in a Malaysian Patient Caused by Larvae of Clogmia albipunctatus (Diptera: Psychodidae)","volume":"53","author":"AS Mokhtar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356742.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90107-X","article-title":"Intestinal myiasis in man caused by larvae of Colgmia (= Telmatoscopus) albipunctatus Williston (Psychodidae, Diptera)","volume":"73","author":"KG Smith","year":"1979","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356742.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.4274\/tpd.galenos.2020.6853","article-title":"Synanthropic Clogmia albipunctata causing urogenital and gastrointestinal myiasis","volume":"44","author":"D G\u00f6k\u00e7e","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turkiye Parazitol Derg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356742.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01200-23","article-title":"Psychodid flies and their implicated role in human myiasis and pseudomyiasis","volume":"62","author":"BA Mathison","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0356742.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1315362","article-title":"Correlation between in vitro and in vivo data on food digestion. What can we predict with static in vitro digestion models?","volume":"58","author":"T Bohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0356742.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1421900","article-title":"Can dynamic in vitro digestion systems mimic the physiological reality?","volume":"59","author":"D Dupont","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0356742.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-060721-012235","article-title":"Applications of the INFOGEST in vitro digestion model to foods: a review","volume":"14","author":"H Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Food Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356742.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15176","article-title":"Kinematics and coordination of moth flies walking on smooth and rough surfaces","volume":"1537","author":"EE Brandt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"pone.0356742.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2017.01.006","article-title":"An apposition compound eye adapted for nocturnal vision in the moth midge Clogmia albipunctata (Williston) (Diptera: Psychodidae)","volume":"98","author":"L-P Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0356742.ref031","first-page":"294","article-title":"DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates","volume":"3","author":"O Folmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356742.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-024-00881-4","article-title":"Identification and Molecular Characterization of Clogmia (Telmatoscopus) albipunctatus (Drain Fly) Larva in a Rare Case of Urinary Myiasis in a Domestic Dog in India","volume":"69","author":"B Lakshmanan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0356742.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106807","article-title":"Is Psathyromyia shannoni (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) a species complex? Retrospective study of genetic diversity of COI gene, pathogens and geographic distribution","volume":"238","author":"YN Lozano-Sardaneta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0356742.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4301","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9903298","article-title":"Development of an in vitro digestion method to assess carotenoid bioavailability from meals","volume":"47","author":"DA Garrett","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356742.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2005.10.002","article-title":"Consumer product in vitro digestion model: Bioaccessibility of contaminants and its application in risk assessment","volume":"44","author":"EFA Brandon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356742.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0119-1","article-title":"INFOGEST static in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal food digestion","volume":"14","author":"A Brodkorb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"pone.0356742.ref037","first-page":"122","article-title":"Human urinary myiasis by Psychoda albipennis: A case report and review of literature","volume":"21","author":"R Shimpi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urol Case Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356742.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1590\/s1677-5538.ibju.2016.0084","article-title":"Myiasis associated with penile carcinoma: a new trend in developing countries?","volume":"43","author":"L Koifman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Braz J Urol"},{"key":"pone.0356742.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1963.63710040008018b","article-title":"Psychiatric and entomological aspects of delusory parasitosis. Entomophobia, acarophobia, dermatophobia","volume":"186","author":"AH Schrut","year":"1963","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0356742.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcpc1305989","article-title":"Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 37-2014. A 35-year-old woman with suspected mite infestation","volume":"371","author":"SR Beach","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356742.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00018-09","article-title":"Delusional infestation","volume":"22","author":"RW Freudenmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0356742","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T17:27:03Z","timestamp":1787333223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0356742"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rajib","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0356742","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}}}