{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T18:27:53Z","timestamp":1787336873934,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Concerns regarding the potential for artificial intelligence to cause harm to humans have intensified. Since approximately 2020, various organizations\u2014including governments, think tanks, and big tech companies\u2014have sequentially enacted artificial intelligence ethical principles. However, prior studies on these principles exhibit several limitations: First, previous studies failed to provide an integrated framework of artificial intelligence ethical principles; second, they lack a consensus on the prioritization of these principles; third, five years have passed since 2020 when the artificial intelligence ethical principles were enacted, but they have not been updated; and fourth, there has been a lack of strategic consideration regarding the relative importance and performance of these principles. To address this gap, this study extracted 17 artificial intelligence ethical principles by synthesizing 37 representative previous studies. Universal priorities were determined based on a comparative analysis of these principles\u2019 reference rankings. By evaluating the shifts in these ranking before and after 2020, this study identifies three principles\u2014transparency, robustness, prohibition of infringement\u2014that should be continuously adopted in artificial intelligence system development, and ive principles\u2014 responsibility, wellbeing, human rights, controllability, and sustainability\u2014require greater emphasis and implementary development. the existing 10 Korean AI ethical principles are proposed to be expanded to 14. The results of the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) indicate that social value principles, such as respect of diversity, human rights, transparency, common good, and solidity, which demonstrated high performance levels, should be continuously integrated into development of artificial intelligence systems. Moreover, it is urgent to establish a governance framework to ensure accountability for responsible artificial intelligence and to develop systems for safe artificial intelligence usage, focusing on privacy, safety, prohibition of infringement, and data management. This study contributes to the foundation for building responsible, trustworthy, and safe AI systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0356766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T17:34:31Z","timestamp":1787333671000},"page":"e0356766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Supplementing Korean artificial intelligence ethical principles: A five-year update"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1649-4706","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Un-Kon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0356766.ref001","unstructured":"Stamford C. Gartner Forecasts Worldwide AI Platforms and Models Market to Grow 63% in 2026. Gartner, Jul\/20\/2026. https:\/\/www.gartner.com\/en\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2026-07-20-gartner-forecasts-worldwide-ai-platforms-and-models-market-to-grow-63-percent-in-2026"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356766.ref002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Navigating ethical AI: A comprehensive analysis of literature and future directions in information systems","volume":"25","author":"J Min","year":"2024","journal-title":"Knowledge Management Review"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref003","unstructured":"B B C. Google apologises for photos app\u2019s racist blunder. 2015."},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref004","article-title":"Apple Card Is Accused of Gender Bias. Here\u2019s How That Can Happen","author":"E Nedlund","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNN Business"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref005","article-title":"Predictive policing algorithms are racist. They need to be dismantled","author":"WD Heaven","year":"2020","journal-title":"MIT Technology Review"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref006","article-title":"Fidelity reports web issues after robo-adviser sites crash","author":"B Kochkodin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bloomberg"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref007","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence: A Horrifying New AI App Swaps Women into Porn Videos with a Click, Deepfake Researchers Have Long Feared the Day This Would Arrive","author":"K Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"MIT Technology Review"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref008","unstructured":"Edwards J. An interview with the artificially intelligent robot Sophia. World Economic Forum. https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/stories\/2017\/11\/an-interview-with-the-artificially-intelligent-robot-sophia\/ 2017."},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref009","article-title":"US Air Force denies running simulation in which AI drone \u2018killed\u2019 operator","author":"Guardian","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Guardian"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref010","article-title":"Ex-Google CEO Eric Schmidt Says AI Poses an \u2018Existential Risk\u2019 That Could Kill or Harm \u2018Many, Many People\u2019","author":"B Nolan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Business Insider"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref011","article-title":"Exclusive: 42% of CEOs say AI could destroy humanity in five to ten years","author":"M Egan","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNN"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref012","unstructured":"CAIS. Statement on AI Risk: AI Experts and Public Figures Express Their Concern about AI Risk. https:\/\/aistatement.com\/ 2023."},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref013","unstructured":"EU AI HLEG. Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI. 2019. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/futurium\/en\/ai-alliance-consultation.1.html"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veruggio G. Roboethics Roadmap. 2007. http:\/\/www.roboethics.org\/index_file\/Roboethics%20Roadmap%20Rel.1.2.pdf","DOI":"10.29173\/irie133"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref015","unstructured":"Palmerini E, Bertolini A, Battaglia F, Koops BJ, Carnevale A, Salvini P, et al. Guidelines on Regulating Robotics. 2014. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/322041670_Guidelines_on_Regulating_Robotics"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0356766.ref016","first-page":"119","article-title":"A Study on the Classification Model and Components of Artificial Intelligence Ethical Principles","volume":"24","author":"S So","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computer Educations"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2","article-title":"The Global Landscape of AI Ethics Guidelines","volume":"1","author":"A Jobin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09517-8","article-title":"The ethics of AI ethics: An evaluation of guidelines","volume":"30","author":"T Hagendorff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minds & Machines"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356766.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1108\/JICES-12-2019-0138","article-title":"Artificial intelligence ethics guidelines for developers and users: clarifying their content and normative implications","volume":"19","author":"M Ryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JICES"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref020","article-title":"A Unified Framework of Five Principles for AI in Society","author":"L Floridi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Harvard Data Science Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356766.ref021","first-page":"39","article-title":"Trustworthy artificial intelligence: A review","volume":"55","author":"D Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356766.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/0960085X.2022.2026621","article-title":"Thinking responsibly about responsible AI and \u2018the dark side\u2019 of AI","volume":"31","author":"P Mikalef","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Journal of Information Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356766.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-019-00165-5","article-title":"From What to How: An Initial Review of Publicly Available AI Ethics Tools, Methods and Research to Translate Principles into Practices","volume":"26","author":"J Morley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Eng Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356766.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-023-05339-7","article-title":"The Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) For Meaningful Work","volume":"185","author":"S Bankins","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.111067","article-title":"ECCOLA \u2014 A method for implementing ethically aligned AI systems","volume":"182","author":"V Vakkuri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Systems and Software"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref026","unstructured":"University of Montreal. The Montreal Declaration for a Responsible Development of Artificial Intelligence. 2018. https:\/\/montrealdeclaration-responsibleai.com\/"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref027","unstructured":"P A I. Tenets. https:\/\/partnershiponai.org\/about\/#tenets 2016."},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref028","unstructured":"OECD. Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence. OECD. 2019. https:\/\/legalinstruments.oecd.org\/en\/instruments\/oecd-legal-0449"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref029","unstructured":"Holy See. Rome Call for AI Ethics. Holy See\/Vatican. 2020. https:\/\/www.vatican.va\/roman_curia\/pontifical_academies\/acdlife\/documents\/rc_pont-acd_life_doc_20202228_rome-call-for-ai-ethics_en.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref030","unstructured":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan. Principles for a Human-Centric AI Society. 2019. https:\/\/www8.cao.go.jp\/cstp\/english\/humancentricai.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref031","unstructured":"Kakao. Algorithm Ethics Charter. https:\/\/www.kakaocorp.com\/page\/responsible\/detail\/algorithm 2018."},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref032","unstructured":"Ministry of Science, and ICT of Korea MSIT. AI Ethics Guidelines for the Intelligent Information Society. 2018. https:\/\/www.msit.go.kr\/bbs\/view.do?sCode=user&bbsSeqNo=65&nttSeqNo=1410203&ref=ai-ethics.kr"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref033","unstructured":"KCC. Principles for a User-Centric Intelligent Information Society. Korea Media and Communications Commission. 2019. https:\/\/www.kmcc.go.kr\/user.do?boardId=1113&page=A05030000&dc=K00000200&boardSeq=47874&mode=view"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref034","unstructured":"UK Government. AI in the UK: Ready, Willing and Able? - Government Response to the Select Committee Report. Department for Science, Innovation and Technology and Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy of UK. 2018. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/ai-in-the-uk-ready-willing-and-able-government-response-to-the-select-committee-report"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref035","unstructured":"NSTC. Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence. President National Science and Technology Council Committee on Technology. 2016. https:\/\/obamawhitehouse.archives.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/whitehouse_files\/microsites\/ostp\/NSTC\/preparing_for_the_future_of_ai.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref036","unstructured":"Legassick S, Harding V. Why we launched DeepMind ethics & society. https:\/\/ai.google\/principles\/. 2017."},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref037","unstructured":"Information Technology Industry Council. AI Policy Principles. 2017. https:\/\/www.itic.org\/dotAsset\/50ed66d5-404d-40bb-a8ae-9eeeef55aa76.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref038","unstructured":"Future of Life Institute. Asilomar AI Principles. https:\/\/futureoflife.org\/open-letter\/ai-principles\/ 2017."},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref039","unstructured":"OpenAI. OpenAI Charter. https:\/\/openai.com\/charter\/ 2018."},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref040","unstructured":"IBM. IBM\u2019s Principles for Trust and Transparency. https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/policy\/trust-transparency 2018."},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref041","unstructured":"Microsoft. The Future Computed - Artificial Intelligence and its Role in Society. Microsoft. 2018. https:\/\/news.microsoft.com\/cloudforgood\/_media\/downloads\/the-future-computed-english.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref042","unstructured":"West SM, Whittaker M, Crawford K. Discriminating Systems: Gender, Race and Power in AI. AI Now Institute. 2019. https:\/\/ainowinstitute.org\/publications\/discriminating-systems-gender-race-and-power-in-ai-2"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref043","unstructured":"Ethically Aligned Design, First Edition (EAD1e) of The IEEE Global Initiative 2.0 on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems. IEEE. 2019. https:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/import\/documents\/other\/ead1e.pdf?utm_medium=undefined&utm_source=undefined&utm_campaign=undefined&utm_content=undefined&utm_term=undefined"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref044","author":"D Leslie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Understanding artificial intelligence ethics and safety: A guide for the responsible design and implementation of AI systems in the public sector"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref045","unstructured":"Google. AI Principles 1-Year Progress Update. https:\/\/ai.google\/static\/documents\/ai-principles-2019-progress-update.pdf?_gl=1*102h3th*_up*MQ.*_ga*MTM5MjIzNTIyOS4xNzY3Njc3Njkz*_ga_KFG60X3H7K*czE3Njc2Nzc2OTIkbzEkZzAkdDE3Njc2Nzc2OTIkajYwJGwwJGgw. 2019."},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fjeld J. Principles artificial intelligence: Mapping consensus in ethical and rights-based approaches to principles AI. Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University. 2020. https:\/\/cyber.harvard.edu\/publication\/2020\/principled-ai","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3518482"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref047","unstructured":"Microsoft. Microsoft Responsible AI Standard, v2 General Requirements for External Release. 2022. https:\/\/cdn-dynmedia-1.microsoft.com\/is\/content\/microsoftcorp\/microsoft\/final\/en-us\/microsoft-brand\/documents\/Microsoft-Responsible-AI-Standard-General-Requirements.pdf?culture=en-us&country=us"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref048","unstructured":"Future of Life Institute. Asilomar AI Principles. https:\/\/futureoflife.org\/open-letter\/ai-principles\/ 2025."},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-17040-9","author":"BC Stahl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: Case Studies and Options for Addressing Ethical Challenges"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356766.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-024-00653-w","article-title":"AI governance: a systematic literature review","volume":"5","author":"A Batool","year":"2025","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3390\/asi8040097","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Responsible Artificial Intelligence Principles and Practice","volume":"8","author":"L Gunasekara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Applied Systems Innovation"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2024.101885","article-title":"Responsible artificial intelligence governance: A review and research framework","volume":"34","author":"E Papagiannidis","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Journal of Strategic Information Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356766.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-8501(03)00055-5","article-title":"The asymmetric relationship between attribute-level performance and overall customer satisfaction: a reconsideration of the importance\u2013performance analysis","volume":"33","author":"K Matzler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Industrial Marketing Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356766.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/002224297704100112","article-title":"Importance-performance analyses","volume":"41","author":"J Martilla","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356766.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02642069900000027","article-title":"The Performance-Importance Response Function: Observations and Implications","volume":"19","author":"SE Sampson","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Service Industries Journal"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilian R, JLind J, Domini E. European AI Standards - Technical Standardization and Implementation Challenges under the EU AI Act. 2025. doi: 10.2139\/ssrn.5155591","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5155591"},{"key":"pone.0356766.ref057","unstructured":"MSIT. AI ethics autonomous checklist for practicing artificial intelligence ethical principles. Ministry of Science, and ICT of Korea. 2025. https:\/\/ai.kisdi.re.kr\/aieth\/bbs\/B0000085\/view.do?nttId=749&menuNo=400014"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0356766","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T17:34:39Z","timestamp":1787333679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0356766"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hongbum","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0356766","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}}}