{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T18:14:36Z","timestamp":1788372876444,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2026-25489895"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25489895"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and its association with developmental delay in Korean preschool children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a nationwide cohort study using the Korean National Health Insurance Service and National Health Screening Program for Infants and Children (NHSPIC). The study included 808,536 children born 2014\u20132018 who completed the 7th NHSPIC screening at 54\u201360 months. Development assessed by the Korean Developmental Screening Test (K-DST) in six domains (self-care, cognition, language, fine motor, gross motor, and sociality. Subnormal visual acuity (VA) was defined as &lt;0.6 (or 0.63) in either eye. Multivariable logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for developmental delay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 808,536 children, 7,428 (0.92%) had a history of ROP. Children with ROP had lower birth weight and gestational age and higher frequencies of maternal complications and subnormal presenting VA. After adjustment for available maternal and child covariates, ROP was associated with higher odds of developmental delay across several domains, with adjusted ORs ranging from 1.35 for cognition (95% CI: 1.00\u20131.81) to 1.56 for gross motor development (95% CI: 1.18\u20132.07). In analyses stratified by ROP and presenting VA status, children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with a history of ROP showed higher odds of developmental delay at 54\u201360 months, especially when subnormal presenting visual acuity was also present. ROP may serve as a clinically useful marker of prematurity-related developmental vulnerability, supporting integrated ophthalmic and developmental surveillance before school entry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0356773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:29:14Z","timestamp":1788370154000},"page":"e0356773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Retinopathy of prematurity as a clinical marker of developmental vulnerability in preschool children: A nationwide Korean Health Screening study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Tae-Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Won","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanghyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3563-8042","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hyun Jin","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0356773.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.04.002","article-title":"Retinopathy of prematurity: a review of risk factors and their clinical significance","volume":"63","author":"SJ Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0356773.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6926","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13226926","article-title":"Retinopathy of Prematurity: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Treatment Outcomes in a Tertiary Care Center","volume":"13","author":"MN Blazon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356773.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2023-002267","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of retinopathy of prematurity among children and adolescents: a spatiotemporal analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"8","author":"S Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0356773.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1159\/000538907","article-title":"ROP: 80 Years after Its Detection - 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