{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T18:21:14Z","timestamp":1787595674509,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the effects of solution building and resilience on school refusal behavior. The participants were 587 elementary school students (280 boys, 306 girls, and one student who did not report gender) who completed a self-report questionnaire. The results showed that resilience skills had a direct negative effect on the intensity of school refusal behavior among boys and an indirect negative effect mediated by solution building. However, among girls, resilience skills did not directly affect the intensity of school refusal behavior, but had a negative indirect effect through solution building. These findings suggest that school refusal behavior is less intense among children with higher resilience and strong solution-building skills. This study provides evidence that may inform the development of effective support strategies aimed at reducing the intensity of school refusal behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0356881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:22:15Z","timestamp":1787592135000},"page":"e0356881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations of solution building and resilience with school refusal behavior among elementary school students"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0469-1999","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takefumi","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koubun","family":"Wakashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1856-327X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gen","family":"Takagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayumi","family":"Sakuraba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Smock","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuma","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8663-3213","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ranno","family":"Haruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0356881.ref001","volume-title":"Survey on Student Behavioral Problems, School Non-attendance, and Other Issues in Student Guidance","author":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0356881.ref002","volume-title":"Sociology of \u201cschool non-attendance\u201d","author":"Y Morita","year":"1991"},{"key":"pone.0356881.ref003","first-page":"375","article-title":"Factors related to feelings of school non-attendance among junior high school students [in Japanese]","volume":"42","author":"M Ueji","year":"2000","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of School Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0356881.ref004","first-page":"881","article-title":"School-attendance problems, subjective symptoms and lifestyle factors: the Shizuoka health and lifestyle survey of students","volume":"57","author":"M Nakamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi"},{"key":"pone.0356881.ref005","first-page":"91","article-title":"Coping strategies in situation of school avoidance among elementary and junior high school students","volume":"59","author":"T Igarashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bulletin of Aichi University of Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356881.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.5926\/jjep.59.64","article-title":"Children\u2019s Tendency to be Absent From School and Their School-Life Skills\u2004: Transition From Elementary to Junior High School","volume":"59","author":"T Igarashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0356881.ref007","first-page":"107","article-title":"Association between school avoidance and classroom adjustment in elementary school students: An analysis of similarities and differences by grade and gender","volume":"19","author":"A Hayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annual Letters of Clinical Psychology in Shinshu"},{"key":"pone.0356881.ref008","first-page":"129","article-title":"The development of a self-report resilience scale for elementary school students [in Japanese]","volume":"94","author":"H Nakashima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, University of Miyazaki"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356881.ref009","first-page":"107","article-title":"Application of the School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised (SRAS-R) to regular elementary school children and an investigation of its validity [in Japanese]","volume":"36","author":"M Tsuchiya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Behavior Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356881.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.5926\/jjep1953.52.3_264","article-title":"Junior High School Students\u2019 Tendency Toward Non-Attendance at School and Attachment in Early Childhood","volume":"52","author":"T Igarashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356881.ref011","first-page":"339","article-title":"The evolution and reconciliation of taxonomic strategies for school refusal behavior","volume":"3","author":"CA Kearney","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356881.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2201_9","article-title":"Measuring the Function of School Refusal Behavior: The School Refusal Assessment Scale","volume":"22","author":"CA Kearney","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356881.ref013","first-page":"113","article-title":"The effects of solution building and resilience on the function of school refusal behavior by junior high school students to attend school","volume":"36","author":"M Sakuraba","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Japanese journal of family psychology"},{"key":"pone.0356881.ref014","first-page":"57","article-title":"Study on cognition towards school attendance","volume":"95","author":"K Yara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bulletin of Faculty of Education University of the Ryukyus"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356881.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.5926\/jjep1953.44.4_368","article-title":"Successive changes of psychological stress in junior high school students","volume":"44","author":"M Miura","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356881.ref016","first-page":"323","article-title":"Preventive intervention from the viewpoint of psychological stress in elementary school","volume":"44","author":"M Tsuchida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jap J Counsel Sci"},{"key":"pone.0356881.ref017","volume-title":"Study on psychological stress and school maladjustment in elementary and junior high school students","author":"Y Shimada","year":"1998"},{"key":"pone.0356881.ref018","unstructured":"Kobayashi T, Igarashi T. Changes in school avoidance from elementary to junior high school and their association with stress responses in elementary school. In: Annual convention of the Japanese Association of Educational Psychology, 2021. 363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20587\/pamjaep.63.0_364"},{"key":"pone.0356881.ref019","unstructured":"Igarashi T, Kobayashi T. Change in the tendency of school non-attendance from elementary to junior high school and its association with stress responses during the elementary school stage [in Japanese]. In: Annual convention of the Japanese Association of Educational Psychology, 2021. 364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20587\/pamjaep.63.0_364"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356881.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.2132\/personality.14.266","article-title":"Resilience and Personality Traits in Junior High School Students","volume":"14","author":"M Ishige","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Personality"},{"key":"pone.0356881.ref021","first-page":"277","article-title":"The effect of sensitivity to stressors and resilience on self-esteem in elementary school children","volume":"53","author":"I Hara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of School Health"},{"key":"pone.0356881.ref022","unstructured":"Kobayashi T, Igarashi T, Watanabe Y. Associations between school refusal tendencies and resilience among students from elementary through high school [in Japanese]. In: Annual convention of the Japanese Association of Educational Psychology, 2019. 191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20587\/pamjaep.61.0_191"},{"key":"pone.0356881.ref023","volume-title":"Final research report of KAKENHI project 17K04349","author":"T Kobayashi","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0356881.ref024","first-page":"187","article-title":"Development of a resilience skills scale for teenage children and investigation of the reliability and the validity","volume":"65","author":"T Kobayashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of School Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356881.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1545-5300.1986.00207.x","article-title":"Brief therapy: focused solution development","volume":"25","author":"S De Shazer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Fam Process"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356881.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-0606.2010.00197.x","article-title":"The development of the Solution Building Inventory","volume":"36","author":"SA Smock","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Marital Fam Ther"},{"key":"pone.0356881.ref027","volume-title":"Interviewing for solutions","author":"P De Jong","year":"2013","edition":"4"},{"key":"pone.0356881.ref028","volume-title":"Putting difference to work","author":"S de Shazer","year":"1991"},{"key":"pone.0356881.ref029","volume-title":"Tales of solutions: A collection of hope-inspiring stories","author":"IK Berg","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356881.ref030","first-page":"191","article-title":"Examining the effects of worksheets based on solution focused brief therapy for junior high school students","volume":"69","author":"M Sakuraba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annual Report Graduate School of Education, Tohoku University"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356881.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2012.697184","article-title":"Development and validation of the solution-focused inventory","volume":"7","author":"AM Grant","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Posit Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356881.ref032","first-page":"11","article-title":"The Development of the Solution Building Inventory for Children","volume":"16","author":"T Yoshida","year":"2026","journal-title":"IJBF"},{"key":"pone.0356881.ref033","unstructured":"Norimune. Mediated analysis and indirect effects: a summary. Sunny side up!. https:\/\/norimune.net\/619. 2011. Accessed 2025 November 27."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356881.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.35783\/ijbf.5.1_19","article-title":"The development of solution building inventory Japanese version: Validation of the SBI-J","volume":"5","author":"G Takagi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Brief Ther Fam Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356881.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-0001.28.1.18","article-title":"Gender differences in coping strategies in children and adolescents","volume":"28","author":"H Eschenbeck","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Individ Differ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356881.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.11560\/jahp.11.2_37","article-title":"The Role of Emotional and Behavioral Coping Strategies in Elementary School Children","volume":"11","author":"K Otake","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Health Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356881.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-005-3207-9","article-title":"Age and Gender Effects on Coping in Children and Adolescents","volume":"34","author":"P Hampel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Youth Adolescence"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356881.ref038","first-page":"136","article-title":"Stressverarbeitungsfragebogen von Janke und Erdmann angepasst f\u00fcr Kinder und Jugendliche (SVF-KJ)","volume":"49","author":"P Hampel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diagnostica"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0356881","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:22:23Z","timestamp":1787592143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0356881"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vijayalakshmi","family":"Kakulapati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0356881","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]}}}