{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T18:14:34Z","timestamp":1788372874197,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Meiji Co. Ltd.","award":["No number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No number"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Norovirus is a major cause of foodborne acute gastroenteritis, yet effective strategies to prevent norovirus infection have not been established. Given that an exopolysaccharide (EPS) can be orally consumed as a dietary component, we evaluated its potential to suppress norovirus replication\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Here, we tested the antiviral effect of EPS derived from\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus delbrueckii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ssp.\n                    <jats:italic>bulgaricus<\/jats:italic>\n                    OLL1073R-1 (R-1 EPS) against murine norovirus (MNV)\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    using the mouse macrophage-like cell line, RAW264.7. Post-infection treatment significantly reduced the viral load of MNV in culture supernatants. Microarray-based transcriptome analysis showed that R-1 EPS treatment modulated MNV-induced host transcriptional responses, promoting preferential engagement of interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral and inflammatory pathways. Consistent with the microarray-based transcriptome analysis, expression analysis using ELISA and RT-qPCR indicated increased expression of IFN, IFN-stimulated genes, and proinflammatory cytokines in infected cells treated with R-1 EPS. The results suggest that R-1 EPS modulated host innate immune responses, such as type I IFN and proinflammatory cytokine responses, during MNV infection, which may contribute to antiviral activity. Our results provide mechanistic insights into the host-directed antiviral effect of microbial EPS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0356886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:29:09Z","timestamp":1788370149000},"page":"e0356886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1-derived exopolysaccharide suppresses murine norovirus replication by modulating innate immune response"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1403-9392","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shuyi","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoko","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiko","family":"Takai-Todaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miho","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiko","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Sashihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenichi","family":"Hojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7692-1151","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Katayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8524-1078","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kei","family":"Haga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356886.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2006.03.001","article-title":"The 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