{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T18:16:49Z","timestamp":1788200209072,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fowl cholera (FC), caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Pasteurella multocida<\/jats:italic>\n                    type A, represents a major threat to poultry production worldwide. Detailed characterization of the genotypic, phenotypic, and antimicrobial resistance profiles is essential for advancing epidemiological surveillance and guiding effective intervention strategies. A total of 80 suspected FC field samples were collected from which\n                    <jats:italic>P. multocida<\/jats:italic>\n                    was isolated and identified through conventional culture techniques, Gram staining, and PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method with 16 antimicrobial drugs. Whole-genome sequencing of a representative isolate was conducted using the Illumina MiSeq platform, and genomic analysis was carried out with multiple bioinformatics tools.\n                    <jats:italic>P. multocida<\/jats:italic>\n                    type A was confirmed in 12 isolates (15%). RAST annotation revealed a genome size of 2,346,689 bp with 2,205 predicted coding sequences, 59 RNA genes, and a GC content of 40.2%. Phenotypic analyses showed resistance to cefixime, ceftriaxone, ertapenem, and meropenem, while the highest sensitivity was observed for ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, tetracycline, and levofloxacin. PathogenFinder predicted the isolate as a potential human pathogen with a probability score of 0.891. Virulence-associated genes identified included\n                    <jats:italic>wecA, galU, manB, rfaD, rfaE, rfaF, lpxB, lpxC,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>msbA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , supporting the pathogenic potential of the isolates and suggesting a possible role in host immune evasion. Phylogenetic analysis using MEGA X with the maximum likelihood method revealed that the isolate was clustered within the monophyletic clade and that it showed closest genetic relatedness to strains from Australia, China, and Malaysia. These findings highlight the genomic basis of virulence and antimicrobial resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>P. multocida<\/jats:italic>\n                    type A from Bangladeshi layer for the first time. The isolate characterized in this study provides valuable genomic insights and the selection of targeted antimicrobials to improve fowl cholera control strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0357005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T17:27:47Z","timestamp":1788197267000},"page":"e0357005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Isolation, antibiogram and whole genome sequence analysis of Pasteurella multocida type A from layer birds"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0281-4644","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md Ahosanul Haque","family":"Shahid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangladesh Agricultural University","place":["Mymensingh, Bangladesh"],"department":["Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0145-3197","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ajran","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangladesh Agricultural University","place":["Mymensingh, Bangladesh"],"department":["Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanta","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangladesh Agricultural University","place":["Mymensingh, Bangladesh"],"department":["Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Tanvir","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangladesh Agricultural University","place":["Mymensingh, Bangladesh"],"department":["Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. H. M. Nazmul Hussain","family":"Nazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangladesh Agricultural University","place":["Mymensingh, Bangladesh"],"department":["Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0357005.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.51585\/gjvr.2021.0004","article-title":"Small-scale poultry production in Bangladesh: challenges and impact of COVID-19 on sustainability","volume":"1","author":"M Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ger J Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1637\/10656-090313-Reg.1","article-title":"Epidemiology of fowl cholera in free range broilers","volume":"58","author":"R Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357005.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3329\/bjvm.v11i2.19123","article-title":"Occurrence of pasteurellosis and Newcastle disease in indigenous chickens in Sirajgonj district","volume":"11","author":"S Belal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bangl J Vet Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357005.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3329\/bjvm.v8i2.11188","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory diagnoses of common bacterial diseases of broiler and layer chickens","volume":"8","author":"AR Hasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bangl J Vet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357005.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3329\/mh.v2i1.17253","article-title":"Isolation and identification of Pasteurella multocida from chicken for the preparation of oil adjuvanted vaccine","volume":"2","author":"S Ievy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbes Health"},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref006","article-title":"Characterization of Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from cattle and buffaloes in Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"5","author":"A Ashraf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr J Microbiol Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0357005.ref007","first-page":"481","article-title":"Molecular evaluation of sheep and goats isolates of Pasteurella multocida and their antibiotic resistance","volume":"14","author":"M Tabatabaei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Res Forum"},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.5455\/vetworld.2011.189-192","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of haemorrhagic septicaemia - a review","author":"R Rajeev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.10.012","article-title":"A longitudinal study on the incidence of mortality of infectious diseases of commercial layer birds in Bangladesh","volume":"109","author":"MH Rashid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357005.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3329\/bjvm.v15i2.35517","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of Pasteurella multocida infection in poultry in Gazipur district of Bangladesh","volume":"15","author":"MR Hossain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bangl J Vet Med"},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1813907","article-title":"Pathogen genomics in public health","volume":"381","author":"GL Armstrong","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357005.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259-024-00033-8","article-title":"Limitations of current techniques in clinical antimicrobial resistance diagnosis: examples and future prospects","volume":"2","author":"J Hassall","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Antimicrob Resist"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0357005.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00016-17","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing of bacterial pathogens: the future of nosocomial outbreak analysis","volume":"30","author":"S Quainoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357005.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70268-2","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing for analysis of an outbreak of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a descriptive study","volume":"13","author":"SR Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0357005.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002824","article-title":"Routine use of microbial whole genome sequencing in diagnostic and public health microbiology","volume":"8","author":"CU K\u00f6ser","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0357005.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2008.131399","article-title":"Rapid whole-genome sequencing for surveillance of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis","volume":"20","author":"HC Den Bakker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00014-19","article-title":"Pasteurella multocida: genotypes and genomics","volume":"83","author":"Z Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0357005.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12109","article-title":"The usefulness of whole genome sequencing in the management of Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"19","author":"J Price","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357005.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70277-3","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing to delineate Mycobacterium tuberculosis outbreaks: a retrospective observational study","volume":"13","author":"TM Walker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357005.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2016.c130","article-title":"Isolation of Pasteurella multocida from chickens, preparation of formalin killed fowl cholera vaccine, and determination of efficacy in experimental chickens","volume":"3","author":"M Akhtar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Adv Vet Anim Res"},{"issue":"2015","key":"pone.0357005.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2015.b104","article-title":"Isolation and molecular detection of Pasteurella multocida type A from naturally infected chickens, and their histopathological evaluation in artificially infected chickens in Bangladesh","volume":"2","author":"S Panna","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adv Vet Anim Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357005.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/amh70020017","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Bacillus anthracis from selected districts of Bangladesh","volume":"70","author":"MdM Islam","year":"2025","journal-title":"AMH"},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100276","article-title":"Molecular detection of vancomycin and methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food processing environments","volume":"13","author":"AH Shahid","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357005.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5455\/vrn.2021.a3","article-title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli from betel leaf (Piper betel L.)","volume":"1","author":"J Ripon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Res Notes"},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3390\/bacteria4030040","article-title":"Molecular detection and antibiogram of bacteria and fungi in table eggs under different storage durations with organoleptic properties","volume":"4","author":"Saiduzzaman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bacteria"},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref026","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial testing, CLSI supplement M100. 34th ed. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2024."},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref027","unstructured":"EUCAST. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 2025. [cited 2025 Dec 12] https:\/\/www.eucast.org"},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MiSeq: A Next Generation Sequencing Platform for Genomic Analysis. Methods in Molecular Biology. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2018. pp. 223\u201332.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7471-9_12"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357005.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing","volume":"19","author":"A Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Comput Biol"},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw387","article-title":"PHASTER: a better, faster version of the PHAST phage search tool","volume":"44","author":"D Arndt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref031","article-title":"CARD 2020: Antibiotic resistome surveillance with the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database","author":"BP Alcock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357005.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02981-13","article-title":"Benchmarking of methods for genomic taxonomy","volume":"52","author":"MV Larsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0357005.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077302","article-title":"PathogenFinder--distinguishing friend from foe using bacterial whole genome sequence data","volume":"8","author":"S Cosentino","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0357005.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms","volume":"35","author":"S Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0357005.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2026.2653831","article-title":"Complex interaction among nutrition, gut microbiota, and immunity, and their modulation strategies for improved health of poultry","volume":"82","author":"MAH Shahid","year":"2026","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poultry Science Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0357005.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.12.027","article-title":"Centennial Review: effects of vitamins A, D, E, and C on the chicken immune system","volume":"100","author":"B Shojadoost","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00215-12","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of Pasteurella multocida HN06, a toxigenic strain of serogroup D","volume":"194","author":"W Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref038","unstructured":"WHO. JOINT WHO\/FAO expert committee on zoonoses. 1959."},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00442.x","article-title":"Pasteurella multocida pathogenesis: 125 years after Pasteur","volume":"265","author":"M Harper","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135414","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins","volume":"71","author":"CRH Raetz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Rev Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357005.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46100-3","article-title":"Pleiotropic effects of rfa-gene mutations on Escherichia coli envelope properties","volume":"9","author":"C Pagnout","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.2527-2542","article-title":"First report from Bangladesh on genetic diversity of multidrug-resistant Pasteurella multocida type B:2 in fowl cholera","author":"O Saha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.76.010307.145803","article-title":"Lipid A modification systems in Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"76","author":"CRH Raetz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-060713-035600","article-title":"Biosynthesis and export of bacterial lipopolysaccharides","volume":"83","author":"C Whitfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"pone.0357005.ref045","article-title":"Molecular characterization of extensively drug-resistant Pasteurella multocida isolated from apparently healthy and diseased chickens in Egypt","author":"RA Elalamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0357005.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03321","article-title":"A 5-year retrospective report of Gallibacterium anatis and Pasteurella multocida isolates from chickens in Mississippi","volume":"92","author":"KH Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult Sci"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0357005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T17:27:55Z","timestamp":1788197275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0357005"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Faham","family":"Khamesipour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MOHME: Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education","place":["IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0357005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]}}}