{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:12:49Z","timestamp":1789150369697,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In a context of increasing political polarization, ideological bias poses a challenge to evidence-based reasoning and the evaluation of factual information. However, its systematic study is hindered by the lack of reliable and valid measurement tools and by the frequent conflation of ideological bias with ideological stance. Addressing this gap, we introduce the Ideological Bias Expression (IBE) scale, a novel measure grounded in signal detection theory that disentangles discrimination accuracy from ideological bias in individuals\u2019 evaluations of evidence. Across two studies using German samples (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>Study1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009446;\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>Study2<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u20091,359), we provide initial validation of the IBE scale across two distinct political issue domains (climate change\/energy &amp; domestic security\/migration). Results indicate that the IBE scale is an effective tool for assessing individual differences in biased evidence evaluation, providing a foundation for future research on its determinants and potential interventions to promote more evidence-based public discourse. Using the scale, we find evidence that ideological bias is empirically distinct from knowledge-related factors, including formal education and political knowledge, indicating that such bias cannot be reduced to deficits in knowledge or reasoning alone. Moderate coherence across two issue domains also suggests that biased evidence evaluation is not purely issue-specific. Finally, in the German political context, ideological bias appears to reflect a combination of social identity dynamics and value-based cognition rather than partisan alignment alone.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0357011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:59:03Z","timestamp":1789149543000},"page":"e0357011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ideologically biased evaluation of evidence - A signal-detection approach to measure individual differences"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2982-0907","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arne","family":"Stolp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communication Science","place":["Germany"],"department":["Department of Behavioral and Social Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Finn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communication Science","place":["Germany"],"department":["Department of Behavioral and Social Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin-Theresa","family":"Ziemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institute for Human Development","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Thiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Data Science","place":["Germany"],"department":["German Aerospace Center"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Rothmund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communication Science","place":["Germany"],"department":["Department of Behavioral and Social Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0357011.ref001","article-title":"Polarization in Europe: A Study of Social Division Trends in Ten European Countries","author":"M Herold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dresden: Mercator Forum Migration and Democracy (MIDEM)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0357011.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1177\/1940161219900126","article-title":"Resilience to Online Disinformation: A Framework for Cross-National Comparative Research","author":"E Humprecht","year":"2020","journal-title":"The International Journal of Press\/Politics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0357011.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1080\/13510347.2021.2008912","article-title":"The relationship between affective polarization and democratic backsliding: comparative evidence","volume":"29","author":"YE Orhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Democratization"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357011.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1177\/09637214231178745","article-title":"Humans\u2019 Bias Blind Spot and Its Societal Significance","volume":"32","author":"E Pronin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref005","author":"A Tyson","year":"2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357011.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0884-z","article-title":"Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response","volume":"4","author":"JJV Bavel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0357011.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01258-7","article-title":"Conspiracy mentality and political orientation across 26 countries","volume":"6","author":"R Imhoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref008","article-title":"Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation: A Review of the Scientific Literature","author":"J Tucker","year":"2018","journal-title":"SSRN Journal"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127372","DOI":"10.3389\/fpos.2023.1127372","article-title":"Deliberation and polarization: a multi-disciplinary review","volume":"5","author":"D Caluwaerts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Polit Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357011.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/13546783.2019.1688188","article-title":"Ideological belief bias with political syllogisms","volume":"26","author":"DP Calvillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thinking & Reasoning"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12396","article-title":"Science curiosity and political information processing","volume":"38","author":"DM Kahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Political Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357011.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfx042","article-title":"Misinformation or expressive responding?","volume":"82","author":"BF Schaffner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Opinion Quarterly"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0357011.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617731500","article-title":"Science Denial Across the Political Divide: Liberals and Conservatives Are Similarly Motivated to Deny Attitude-Inconsistent Science","volume":"9","author":"AN Washburn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Psychological and Personality Science"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115398","article-title":"Why do people believe health misinformation and who is at risk? A systematic review of individual differences in susceptibility to health misinformation","volume":"314","author":"X Nan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357011.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053168018763596","DOI":"10.1177\/2053168018763596","article-title":"On the measurement of conspiracy beliefs","volume":"5","author":"AM Enders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Research & Politics"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref016","volume-title":"Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics","author":"DM Green","year":"1966"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0357011.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007123417000084","article-title":"The Role of Evidence in Politics: Motivated Reasoning and Persuasion among Politicians","volume":"49","author":"M Baekgaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brit J Polit Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0357011.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.37.11.2098","article-title":"Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence","volume":"37","author":"CG Lord","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Personality Social Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357011.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1017\/XPS.2020.46","article-title":"Self-Affirmation and Identity-Driven Political Behavior","volume":"9","author":"BA Lyons","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Polit Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0357011.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x","article-title":"Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs","volume":"50","author":"CS Taber","year":"2006","journal-title":"American J Political Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357011.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.2.175","article-title":"Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises","volume":"2","author":"RS Nickerson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Review of General Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0357011.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100612451018","article-title":"Misinformation and its correction: continued influence and successful debiasing","volume":"13","author":"S Lewandowsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Sci Public Interest"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357011.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021226224601","article-title":"Beyond the Running Tally: Partisan Bias in Political Perceptions","volume":"24","author":"LM Bartels","year":"2002","journal-title":"Political Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0357011.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721413480174","article-title":"Myside bias, rational thinking, and intelligence","volume":"22","author":"KE Stanovich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780197763414.013.12","article-title":"Dual-Process Theories","author":"B Gawronski","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Social Cognition, Second Edition. Oxford University Press"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref026","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Politically Motivated Reasoning Paradigm, Part 1: What Politically Motivated Reasoning Is and How to Measure It. Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences","author":"DM Kahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wiley"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0357011.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916221148147","article-title":"Toward Parsimony in Bias Research: A Proposed Common Framework of Belief-Consistent Information Processing for a Set of Biases","volume":"18","author":"A Oeberst","year":"2023","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.06.011","article-title":"Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning","volume":"188","author":"G Pennycook","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref029","volume-title":"Dual-process theories in social psychology","author":"S Chaiken","year":"1999"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref030","volume-title":"Social cognition","author":"ST Fiske","year":"1991"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0357011.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.108.3.480","article-title":"The case for motivated reasoning","volume":"108","author":"Z Kunda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357011.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-021-01993-y","article-title":"Contested science: Individuals with higher metacognitive insight into interpretation of evidence are less likely to polarize","volume":"29","author":"N Said","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357011.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2021.02.007","article-title":"The psychology of fake news","volume":"25","author":"G Pennycook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0357011.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1177\/1075547018804826","article-title":"Reducing group alignment in factual disputes? The limited effects of social identity interventions","volume":"40","author":"B Lyons","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science Communication"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref035","volume-title":"Political ideology: why the American common man believes what he does","author":"RE Lane","year":"1962"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref036","first-page":"206","article-title":"The nature of belief systems in mass publics","volume-title":"Ideology and Discontent","author":"PE Converse","year":"1964"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226452593.001.0001","author":"DR Kinder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neither liberal nor conservative: ideological innocence in the American public. University of Chicago Press"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357011.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916519853302","article-title":"Perceived social consensus can reduce ideological biases on climate change","volume":"52","author":"MH Goldberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environment and Behavior"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0357011.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X221118078","article-title":"COVID-19 and Politically Motivated Reasoning","volume":"42","author":"A Maguire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357011.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12310","article-title":"Neoliberal ideology and the justification of inequality in capitalist societies: why social and economic dimensions of ideology are intertwined","volume":"75","author":"F Azevedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0357011.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.61.7.651","article-title":"The end of the end of ideology","volume":"61","author":"JT Jost","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357011.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617746796","article-title":"At least bias is bipartisan: a meta-analytic comparison of partisan bias in liberals and conservatives","volume":"14","author":"PH Ditto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0357011.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916211044140","article-title":"A Psychology of Ideology: Unpacking the Psychological Structure of Ideological Thinking","volume":"17","author":"L Zmigrod","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0357011.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.01.004","article-title":"The Partisan Brain: An Identity-Based Model of Political Belief","volume":"22","author":"JJ Van Bavel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007123425000183","article-title":"The impact of values on issue stances: Evidence from panel studies","volume":"55","author":"A Vishwanath","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brit J Polit Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0357011.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1561\/100.00014074","article-title":"Partisan bias in factual beliefs about politics","volume":"10","author":"JG Bullock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Q J Polit Sci"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12394","article-title":"The Nature and Origins of Misperceptions: Understanding False and Unsupported Beliefs About Politics","volume":"38","author":"DJ Flynn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Political Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357011.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015141","article-title":"Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations","volume":"96","author":"J Graham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357011.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.5.808","article-title":"Party over policy: The dominating impact of group influence on political beliefs","volume":"85","author":"GL Cohen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref050","article-title":"Motivated numeracy and enlightened self-government","author":"DM Kahan","year":"2013","journal-title":"SSRN Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0357011.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0001381","article-title":"Truth sensitivity and partisan bias in responses to misinformation","volume":"152","author":"B Gawronski","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2024.104632","article-title":"Susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines: A signal detection analysis","volume":"114","author":"LS Nahon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Experimental Social Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref053","author":"T Rothmund","year":"2022","journal-title":"Politische Ideologien in Politische Psychologie: Handbuch f\u00fcr Wissenschaft und Studium. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357011.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.604","article-title":"Climate change and the far right","volume":"10","author":"B Forchtner","year":"2019","journal-title":"WIREs Climate Change"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357011.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/09644016.2015.1090371","article-title":"Political ideology and views about climate change in the European Union","volume":"25","author":"AM McCright","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environmental Politics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0357011.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1017\/glj.2020.32","article-title":"Crime in Germany as Portrayed by the Alternative for Germany (AfD)","volume":"21","author":"T Hestermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"German Law Journal"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref057","author":"E Olbrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"The rise of populism and the reconfiguration of the German political space [Internet"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref058","article-title":"Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report","author":"K Calvin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref059","unstructured":"Bundeskriminalamt. Polizeiliche Kriminalstatistik (PKS) 2023 V6.0. 2023. https:\/\/www.bka.de\/DE\/AktuelleInformationen\/StatistikenLagebilder\/PolizeilicheKriminalstatistik\/PKS2023\/pks2023_node.html"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref060","unstructured":"Umweltbundesamt. Emission von Treibhausgasen nach den Sektoren des Klimaschutzgesetzes (KSG). Dessau-Ro\u00dflau. 2025."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357011.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfm009","article-title":"Measuring Left-Right Political Orientation: The Choice of Response Format","volume":"71","author":"M Kroh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Opinion Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0357011.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924\/a000180","article-title":"Hohenheimer Inventar zum Politikwissen (HIP): Konstruktion und Skalierung","volume":"63","author":"S Trepte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0357011.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245919879695","article-title":"Psychological Science Needs a Standard Practice of Reporting the Reliability of Cognitive-Behavioral Measurements","volume":"2","author":"S Parsons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref064","author":"H Decker","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199640041.003.0006","article-title":"Understanding and Validating the Left-Right Scale (RILE)","author":"A Volkens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mapping Policy Preferences From Texts. Oxford University Press"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2025.102981","article-title":"The 2024 Chapel Hill Expert Survey on political party positioning in Europe: Twenty-five years of party positional data","volume":"97","author":"J Rovny","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electoral Studies"},{"key":"pone.0357011.ref067","article-title":"Manifesto Project Dataset","author":"P Lehmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Manifesto Project"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0357011.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0935-1","article-title":"The reliability paradox: Why robust cognitive tasks do not produce reliable individual differences","volume":"50","author":"C Hedge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357011.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1037\/pspa0000417","article-title":"Of preferences and priors: Motivated reasoning in partisans\u2019 evaluations of scientific evidence","volume":"127","author":"JB Celniker","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0357011.ref070","article-title":"The 12 item social and economic conservatism scale (SECS)","volume":"8","author":"JAC Everett","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0357011","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:59:17Z","timestamp":1789149557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0357011"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Tevfik Murat","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Stavanger","place":["NORWAY"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0357011","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]}}}