{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:28:37Z","timestamp":1789658917995,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Delegation of Research of French Polynesia","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de la Polyn\u00e9sie Fran\u00e7aise \u2013 Grant BENIPLAST","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ay59x86","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"\u00c9cole Doctorale du Pacifique"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Small Island Developing States (SIDS) face unique challenges for microplastics (MPs) monitoring due to limited infrastructure and resources. In this context, we propose and test innovative approaches toward a standardized, low-cost methodology for quantifying MPs in SIDS. We evaluate the giant clam\n                    <jats:italic>T. maxima<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a bio-integrator, combining Nile red (NR) fluorescence staining with automated machine-learning detection. We optimized a digestion protocol using KOH and HNO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    for\n                    <jats:italic>T. maxima<\/jats:italic>\n                    viscera, and developed a DAPI-guided multi-spectra composite imaging approach based on triband fluorescence (DAPI, FITC, TRITC), to enhance polymer detection while reducing blooming artifacts. A semi-automated annotation pipeline using Labkit interactive segmentation with CLIP\/UMAP clustering efficiently generated training data from 6711 fluorescence images. A U-Net model was trained on composite images to segment fluorescent particles. The workflow was applied to giant clams from three French Polynesian islands (Makemo, Hao, Tubuai), and NR-based estimates were validated against \u00b5FTIR spectroscopy. The model achieved F1-scores of 0.741 for giant clam samples and 0.657 for controls, comparable to human annotation (F1\u2009=\u20090.680). MPs were detected across all islands, with highest concentrations in gills (16.9\u201352.7 particles\u00b7g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    wet weight) compared to viscera (2.5\u201311.0 particles\u00b7g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ww). \u00b5FTIR validation revealed that NR overestimates MP counts (\u00b5FTIR: 0.80\u2009\u00b1\u20090.16 particles\u00b7g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ww at Tubuai), primarily due to false positives from proteins, cellulose, and stearates. In Tubuai, polyamide (28.9%), PVC (12.6%), and polystyrene (10.7%) were the dominant polymers, suggesting contributions from fishing gear, agriculture, and household waste. While NR-based quantification overestimates absolute MP counts, the automated pipeline demonstrates potential for high-throughput image processing, reproducible sample analysis, and methodological standardization. This workflow represents a first step toward scalable, low-cost approaches for MPs monitoring in insular systems, highlighting areas for further calibration and optimization. Future work should refine fluorescence thresholds and expand validation across species and locations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0357014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:53:30Z","timestamp":1789581210000},"page":"e0357014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring Nile Red and machine learning for microplastics detection in Tridacna maxima"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4538-527X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ir\u00e8ne","family":"God\u00e9r\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Polyn\u00e9sie Fran\u00e7aise, UMR SECOPOL","place":["Tahiti, Polyn\u00e9sie Fran\u00e7aise"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4202-1218","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taiamiti","family":"Edmunds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AI Freelancer Papeete","place":["Tahiti, Polyn\u00e9sie Fran\u00e7aise"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabila","family":"Gaertner-Mazouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Polyn\u00e9sie Fran\u00e7aise, UMR SECOPOL","place":["Tahiti, Polyn\u00e9sie Fran\u00e7aise"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7824-8352","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fiona","family":"Gimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Polyn\u00e9sie Fran\u00e7aise, UMR SECOPOL","place":["Tahiti, Polyn\u00e9sie Fran\u00e7aise"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Wong-Wah-Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, LCE","place":["Aix-en-Provence, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9059-3457","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Lebarillier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, LCE","place":["Aix-en-Provence, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magalie","family":"Baudrimont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR EPOC 5805","place":["Pessac, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Pupier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Polyn\u00e9sie Fran\u00e7aise, UMR SECOPOL","place":["Tahiti, Polyn\u00e9sie Fran\u00e7aise"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Maihota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, UMR SECOPOL 241","place":["Tahiti, Polyn\u00e9sie Fran\u00e7aise"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Claude","family":"Gaertner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, UMR SECOPOL 241","place":["Tahiti, Polyn\u00e9sie Fran\u00e7aise"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0357014.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazadv.2023.100327","article-title":"Microplastic pollution in the marine environment: a review","volume":"10","author":"S Pourebrahimi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials 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