{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T18:08:13Z","timestamp":1789063693702,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated agreement between PlayerTek\u2122 10 Hz GPS-derived total-distance and peak-speed measurements and practical field-based criterion measures and examined whether vertical sensor placement influenced agreement characteristics and measurement interchangeability. Following quality-control procedures, 758 paired observations were retained for analysis. Total-distance analyses included 533 paired observations from 55 participants collected during a modified team-sport simulation circuit, while peak-speed analyses included 225 paired observations from 68 participants during linear sprint testing. GPS units were positioned simultaneously at upper-back and mid-back locations. Agreement and measurement variability were assessed using established agreement-based statistical procedures, with secondary analyses evaluating placement equivalence and interchangeability. The upper-back placement demonstrated superior agreement with criterion measures compared with the mid-back placement. For total distance, upper-back measurements exhibited a small bias (0.57 m) and low variability (CV\u2009=\u20091.54%), whereas the mid-back placement demonstrated substantial systematic underestimation (\u221212.69 m), greater variability (CV\u2009=\u20094.18%), and poor agreement between placements. Equivalence testing confirmed that upper-back and mid-back placements were not interchangeable for total distance. For peak speed, upper-back measurements demonstrated stronger agreement with the criterion measure (ICC(A,1) = 0.864; CCC\u2009=\u20090.864) than the mid-back placement (ICC(A,1) = 0.770; CCC\u2009=\u20090.769), with smaller bias and lower variability. GPS-derived total-distance and peak-speed measurements demonstrated superior agreement characteristics when sensors were positioned at the manufacturer-recommended upper-back location. A small 10 cm inferior displacement of the sensor substantially altered total-distance measurements and reduced agreement with criterion measures, whereas peak-speed measurements were less affected. These findings highlight the importance of standardised sensor placement within applied athlete-monitoring environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0357116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T17:32:42Z","timestamp":1789061562000},"page":"e0357116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of vertical GPS sensor placement on criterion agreement and interchangeability of distance and speed measures"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7439-8777","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lee","family":"Rooney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ulster University","place":["Belfast, United Kingdom"],"department":["School of Sport and Exercise 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