{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:06:06Z","timestamp":1789495566679,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation for Young Scholars of China","award":["62206016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62206016"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023A1515140086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515140086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022A1515140016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515140016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRF-TP-24-062A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRF-TP-24-062A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"\u201cVice President of Science and Technology \u201dof Changping District, Beijing","award":["2025040040042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025040040042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In natural scenes, human gaze behavior is driven jointly by external stimuli from scene characteristics and individual internal goals. To investigate the influence of these two factors on gaze behavior, this paper systematically analyzes eye movement behavior under two task paradigms: free viewing and goal-directed search. First, the guiding effects of different hierarchical visual features on fixation behavior under the two task conditions are analyzed. Second, the differences in eye movement trajectory characteristics between the two task paradigms are compared. Finally, the CNN-TransGaze model is proposed to distinguish eye movement behavior patterns under different task conditions. The results show that shape, location and orientation features exhibit strong fixation attraction under both task paradigms, while semantic features are significantly enhanced in goal-directed search compared with free viewing. There are significant differences in eye movement behavior characteristics between the two task scenarios. Moreover, compared with traditional statistical feature extraction methods, deep learning models can capture latent high-dimensional features more effectively, thereby enabling accurate discrimination of distinct eye movement patterns. Efficient feature extraction from diverse eye movement patterns using deep learning enables the implementation of relevant applications, such as distinguishing healthy individuals from patients with abnormal eye movement patterns caused by neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0357289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T17:42:17Z","timestamp":1789494137000},"page":"e0357289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential effects of free viewing and goal-directed search on visual attention: An eye-tracking study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3872-0559","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chenxiao","family":"Yue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3828-5745","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiannan","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing","place":["Foshan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing","place":["Foshan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"50","key":"pone.0357289.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8785","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1104-23.2023","article-title":"Feature-specific salience maps in human cortex","volume":"43","author":"DD Thayer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357289.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81987-x","article-title":"Evaluation of an eye tracking setup for studying visual attention in face-to-face conversations","volume":"11","author":"A Vehlen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0357289.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.01.007","article-title":"Good-enough attentional guidance","volume":"27","author":"X Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"pone.0357289.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serre T. Hierarchical models of the visual system. Encycl Comput Neurosci. 2014. p. 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4614-7320-6_345-1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7320-6_345-1"},{"issue":"1714","key":"pone.0357289.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160102","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0102","article-title":"Contributions of low- and high-level properties to neural processing of visual scenes in the human brain","volume":"372","author":"IIA Groen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357289.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(80)90005-5","article-title":"A feature-integration theory of attention","volume":"12","author":"AM Treisman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cogn Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357289.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2012.2210727","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of human-model agreement in visual saliency modeling: a comparative study","volume":"22","author":"A Borji","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"pone.0357289.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2018.2815601","article-title":"What do different evaluation metrics tell us about saliency models?","volume":"41","author":"Z Bylinskii","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357289.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-018-1594-8","article-title":"Mid-level feature contributions to category-specific gaze guidance","volume":"81","author":"C Damiano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357289.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858413514136","article-title":"Bottom-up and top-down attention: different processes and overlapping neural systems","volume":"20","author":"F Katsuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357289.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8776","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87715-9","article-title":"COCO-Search18 fixation dataset for predicting goal-directed attention control","volume":"11","author":"Y Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0357289.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0058","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0058","article-title":"Five factors that guide attention in visual search","volume":"1","author":"JM Wolfe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0357289.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1017623","article-title":"Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns","volume":"24","author":"T Ojala","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Machine Intell"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0357289.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1109\/34.730558","article-title":"A model of saliency-based visual attention for rapid scene analysis","volume":"20","author":"L Itti","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Machine Intell"},{"key":"pone.0357289.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Judd T, Ehinger K, Durand F, Torralba A. Learning to predict where humans look. 2009 IEEE 12th Int. Conf. Comput. Vis., 2009, pp. 2106\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCV.2009.5459462","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2009.5459462"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0357289.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.03.019","article-title":"Components of bottom-up gaze allocation in natural images","volume":"45","author":"RJ Peters","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"pone.0357289.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fcmmerer M, Wallis TSA, Bethge M. Saliency benchmarking made easy: Separating models, maps and metrics. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1704.08615","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01270-0_47"},{"key":"pone.0357289.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1145\/1743666.1743718","article-title":"A vector-based, multidimensional scanpath similarity measure","volume-title":"Proc. 2010 Symp. Eye-Track. Res. Appl. - ETRA 10","author":"H Jarodzka","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0357289.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0212-2","article-title":"It depends on how you look at it: scanpath comparison in multiple dimensions with MultiMatch, a vector-based approach","volume":"44","author":"R Dewhurst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"pone.0357289.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.plm.2020.08.002","article-title":"Meaning and attention in scenes","volume":"73","author":"JM Henderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Learn Motiv"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357289.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-019-01642-5","article-title":"Scene semantics involuntarily guide attention during visual search","volume":"26","author":"TR Hayes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357289.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/vision3020019","article-title":"Meaning and attentional guidance in scenes: a review of the meaning map approach","volume":"3","author":"JM Henderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vision (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357289.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/11.5.5","article-title":"Eye guidance in natural vision: reinterpreting salience","volume":"11","author":"BW Tatler","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"pone.0357289.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2019.03.003","article-title":"Attentional bias in the radial and vertical dimensions of space","volume":"342","author":"S Chieffi","year":"2019","journal-title":"C R Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0357289.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001553","article-title":"Children and adults exhibit a common vertical attention bias for object tops and scene bottoms","volume":"59","author":"MD Langley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0357289.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106523","article-title":"Adaptive visual selection: Predictive control of visual attention","volume":"181","author":"M Trevi\u00f1o","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357289.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.10.012","article-title":"Visual field maps in human cortex","volume":"56","author":"BA Wandell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357289.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2797-12.2013","article-title":"Remapping of border ownership in the visual cortex","volume":"33","author":"P O\u2019Herron","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357289.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.109.2.160","article-title":"Attention and the detection of signals","volume":"109","author":"MI Posner","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357289.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14666","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32991-1","article-title":"The role of scene summary statistics in object recognition","volume":"8","author":"T Lauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0357289.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352656","DOI":"10.3389\/fcogn.2024.1352656","article-title":"Can natural scenes cue attention to multiple locations? Evidence from eye-movements in contextual cueing","volume":"3","author":"J Albert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cognit"},{"key":"pone.0357289.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2025.104691","article-title":"Task goals constrain the alignment in eye-movements and speech during interpersonal coordination","volume":"146","author":"A Galati","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Mem Lang"},{"issue":"6582","key":"pone.0357289.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/381520a0","article-title":"Speed of processing in the human visual system","volume":"381","author":"S Thorpe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357289.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.2.5.509","article-title":"Short-term conceptual memory for pictures","volume":"2","author":"MC Potter","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Learn"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0357289.ref035","first-page":"327","article-title":"Different states in visual working memory: when it guides attention and when it does not","volume":"15","author":"CNL Olivers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357289.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/1196-1961.62.1.1","article-title":"Stable individual differences across images in human saccadic eye movements","volume":"62","author":"MS Castelhano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can J Exp Psychol"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0357289.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/7.14.4","article-title":"The central fixation bias in scene viewing: selecting an optimal viewing position independently of motor biases and image feature distributions","volume":"7","author":"BW Tatler","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"pone.0357289.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2022.105231","article-title":"Scene inversion reveals distinct patterns of attention to semantically interpreted and uninterpreted features","volume":"229","author":"TR Hayes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0357289.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.20.4.15","article-title":"Fixation durations in natural scene viewing are guided by peripheral scene content","volume":"20","author":"W Einh\u00e4user","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357289.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-022-02467-6","article-title":"Look at what I can do: Object affordances guide visual attention while speakers describe potential actions","volume":"84","author":"G Rehrig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"pone.0357289.ref041","article-title":"Visual analytics in deep learning: an interrogative survey for the next frontiers","author":"FM Hohman","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0357289.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.05.020","article-title":"Modeling task control of eye movements","volume":"24","author":"M Hayhoe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0357289.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.21.8.6","article-title":"Micropursuit and the control of attention and eye movements in dynamic environments","volume":"21","author":"JZ Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0357289.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029496","article-title":"The strategic retention of task-relevant objects in visual working memory","volume":"39","author":"AM Maxcey-Richard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn"},{"key":"pone.0357289.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4794-8_5","article-title":"Reward and attentional control in visual search","volume":"59","author":"S Yantis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nebr Symp Motiv"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357289.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-023-02741-1","article-title":"An updating-based working memory load alters the dynamics of eye movements but not their spatial extent during free viewing of natural scenes","volume":"86","author":"NJ Wyche","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357289.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.24.5.17","article-title":"Eye movements reflect active statistical learning","volume":"24","author":"J Arat\u00f3","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"pone.0357289.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2021.104597","article-title":"Eye movements during visual imagery and perception show spatial correspondence but have unique temporal signatures","volume":"210","author":"LM Gurtner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"pone.0357289.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2024.105815","article-title":"How workload and availability of spatial reference shape eye movement coupling in visuospatial working memory","volume":"249","author":"S Walcher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"pone.0357289.ref050","article-title":"Assessing perceptual load and cognitive load by fixation-related information of eye movements","volume":"22","author":"JC Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0357289.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-025-07037-4","article-title":"Cognitive load affects gaze dynamics during real-world tasks","volume":"243","author":"AP Martinez-Cedillo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0357289.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139379","article-title":"Temporal structure of human gaze dynamics is invariant during free viewing","volume":"10","author":"CA Marlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0357289.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.86","article-title":"Eye movement analysis for activity recognition using electrooculography","volume":"33","author":"A Bulling","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357289.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0860-3","article-title":"Using machine learning to detect events in eye-tracking data","volume":"50","author":"R Zemblys","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0357289.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4446","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2017.2710620","article-title":"DeepFix: a fully convolutional neural network for predicting human eye fixations","volume":"26","author":"SSS Kruthiventi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"pone.0357289.ref056","article-title":"Saccade sequence prediction: beyond static saliency maps","author":"C Wloka","year":"2017","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"pone.0357289.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2024.127876","article-title":"Video saliency prediction for first-person view UAV videos: dataset and benchmark","volume":"594","author":"H Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357289.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020545","article-title":"Gaze tracking based on concatenating spatial-temporal features","volume":"22","author":"B-J Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357289.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-025-01435-5","article-title":"Selective visual attention in ADHD: a narrative review","volume":"25","author":"JL Klein","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0357289","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T17:42:29Z","timestamp":1789494149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0357289"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yongjie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","place":["CHINA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0357289","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}