{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:45:37Z","timestamp":1792100737390,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Coridothymus capitatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (L.) Reichenb. f. (syn.\n                    <jats:italic>Thymus capitatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is a Mediterranean aromatic herb esteemed for its essential oil rich in bioactive phenolic compounds. In the current study, essential oils (EOs) were obtained by hydrodistillation from fresh and dried leaves of\n                    <jats:italic>C. capitatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    collected from Hebron and Bethlehem, Palestine, and evaluated for their chemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that oxygenated monoterpenes were the leading class (69.03\u201374.44%), with thymol and carvacrol as the major constituents. A clear chemotypic divergence was observed between the two locations, with thymol-rich oils in Hebron and carvacrol-rich oils in Bethlehem. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical-scavenging assay over a concentration range of 0.333\u201333.33 \u00b5g\/mL. At the highest experimentally tested concentration (33.33 \u00b5g\/mL), DPPH inhibition ranged from 28.21\u2009\u00b1\u20090.76 to 34.40\u2009\u00b1\u20090.85\u1d43% among the EOs, with Hebron-fresh oil showing the highest activity. Antibacterial tests displayed substantial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with MICs between 25 and 100 \u00b5g\/mL, while antifungal tests revealed strong inhibitory effects against phytopathogenic fungi, particularly\n                    <jats:italic>Botrytis californica<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Fusarium<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, with MICs as low as 6.25 \u00b5g\/mL. The geographical origin and post-harvest drying influenced the chemical composition and biological activities of the EOs, demonstrating chemotypic variation among Palestinian\n                    <jats:italic>C. capitatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations. This study provides a comprehensive comparison of EOs from\n                    <jats:italic>C. capitatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations from two geographically distinct regions of Palestine and evaluates the effects of post-harvest drying on their phytochemical composition and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. These findings contribute to understanding the chemotypic variation of Palestinian\n                    <jats:italic>C. capitatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and highlight its potential as a natural source of bioactive compounds for food preservation, sustainable crop protection, and related applications.\n                    <jats:italic>Coridothymus capitatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (L.) Reichenb. f. (syn.\n                    <jats:italic>Thymus capitatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is a Mediterranean aromatic herb esteemed for its essential oil rich in bioactive phenolic compounds. In the current study, essential oils (EOs) were obtained by hydrodistillation from fresh and dried leaves of\n                    <jats:italic>C. capitatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    collected from Hebron and Bethlehem, Palestine, and evaluated for their chemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that oxygenated monoterpenes were the leading class (69.03\u201374.44%), with thymol and carvacrol as the major constituents. A clear chemotypic divergence was observed between the two locations, with thymol-rich oils in Hebron and carvacrol-rich oils in Bethlehem. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical-scavenging assay over a concentration range of 0.333\u201333.33 \u00b5g\/mL. At the highest experimentally tested concentration (33.33 \u00b5g\/mL), DPPH inhibition ranged from 37.50\u2009\u00b1\u20090.83% to 52.08\u2009\u00b1\u20090.36% among the EOs, with Hebron-fresh oil showing the highest activity. Antibacterial tests displayed substantial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with MICs between 25 and 100 \u00b5g\/mL, while antifungal tests revealed strong inhibitory effects against phytopathogenic fungi, particularly\n                    <jats:italic>Botrytis californica<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Fusarium<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, with MICs as low as 6.25 \u00b5g\/mL. The geographical origin and post-harvest drying influenced the chemical composition and biological activities of the EOs, demonstrating chemotypic variation among Palestinian\n                    <jats:italic>C. capitatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations. These findings contribute to understanding the chemotypic variation of Palestinian\n                    <jats:italic>C. capitatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and highlight its potential as a natural source of bioactive compounds for food preservation, sustainable crop protection, and related applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0357443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:36:11Z","timestamp":1788370571000},"page":"e0357443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Essential oil composition and biological activities of Coridothymus capitatus collected from two locations in Palestine"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2375-0790","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Odey","family":"Bsharat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"An-Najah National 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