{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:08:44Z","timestamp":1788890924012,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The MK Restaurant Group and the Aunt Thongkham Foundation","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]},{"name":"The Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Chulalongkorn University","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007693","name":"King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Education and Public Welfare Foundation","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-OC43 are common causes of acute respiratory infections (ARI), yet integrated surveillance and genomic data from Southeast Asia remain limited. We characterized HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-OC43 circulation in Thailand, during 2024\u20132025 using routine real-time RT-PCR testing, partial spike sequencing, and time-scaled phylogenetic analyses with global references. Among 11,709 ARI specimens, 329\/8,122 were HCoV-positive in 2024 (4.05%) and 131\/3,587 in 2025 (3.65%). Positivity was strongly seasonal, peaking in winter, and SARS-CoV-2 surges in the same testing stream generally coincided with lower endemic HCoV positivity. Genotype composition differed by virus: HCoV-OC43 was dominated by genotypes K and J at near-equal frequencies (48.3% and 47.2%), whereas HCoV-NL63 was mainly genotype C4 (43.6%), followed by B2 (32.7%) and C3 (20.9%). Time-scaled phylogenies placed Thai sequences across multiple regions of global diversity, consistent with repeated introductions and onward transmission within several co-circulating lineages. Estimated substitution rates were 3.86\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>-4<\/jats:sup>\n                    substitutions\/site\/year for HCoV-NL63 and 9.27\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>-4<\/jats:sup>\n                    for HCoV-OC43. Discrete-trait phylogeography supported bidirectional connectivity involving Thailand, with virus-specific differences in the most supported routes. Skygrid reconstructions suggested declines in genetic diversity after 2020, overlapping the COVID-19 era, with a more pronounced decrease for HCoV-OC43. Evidence for selection was limited and inconsistent for HCoV-NL63, whereas several HCoV-OC43 sites overlapped codon-based signals of diversifying selection. Overall, these findings provide a baseline for endemic HCoV seasonality, genotype composition, and connectivity in Thailand, and support continued genomic surveillance in Southeast Asia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0357483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:36:46Z","timestamp":1788889006000},"page":"e0357483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatiotemporal dynamics and phylogeography of HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-OC43 in Thailand, 2024\u20132025"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jiratchaya","family":"Puenpa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Chulalongkorn University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine"]},{"name":"Chulalongkorn University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"],"department":["Division of Research Affairs"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ratchadawan","family":"Aeemjinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Chulalongkorn University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preeyaporn","family":"Vichaiwattana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Chulalongkorn University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumeth","family":"Korkong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Chulalongkorn University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2337-6807","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yong","family":"Poovorawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Chulalongkorn University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine"]},{"name":"FRS(T), The Royal Society of Thailand","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0357483.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu DX, Liang JQ, Fung TS. 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