{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:57:53Z","timestamp":1791395873288,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013276","name":"Interreg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REDPOL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REDPOL"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013276","name":"Interreg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REDPOL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REDPOL"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013276","name":"Interreg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REDPOL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REDPOL"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Behavioural endpoints offer a sensitive, non-invasive alternative to traditional mortality assays. Yet, they remain underutilized in regulatory frameworks due to a lack of standardised methodologies and baseline behavioural data. This study investigates the baseline locomotion of the marine amphipod\n                    <jats:italic>Marinogammarus marinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    to external light triggers to support standardised laboratory behavioural assays. Using an automated observation chamber, here we tracked swimming behaviour in response to light stimuli, quantifying locomotion as distance travelled. Groups of eight amphipods were tested in large crystalizing dishes over four days in an 8-minute trial involving two light exposures. A total of 60 individuals \u2013 males, females, and brooding females \u2013 were assessed. Light consistently triggered activity, with males showing strong negative phototaxis and brooding females the weakest. A startle response was observed within 3\u20135 seconds of initial light exposure, though responses diminished with repetition, suggesting potential overstimulation or habituation. Inter-individual and day-to-day variability highlighted the need for repeated measures. Additional trials with 32 males evaluated the effects of experimental conditions. Wall-hugging (thigmotaxis) appeared to be an escape response, not anxiety-related. Notable decreases in dissolved oxygen and pH within 24 hours were attributed to the amphipods\u2019 presence rather than activity, while salinity fluctuations due to evaporation did not visibly affect behaviour. Differences between male groups from the two separate experiments suggest behavioural shifts due to seasonal variation. This study establishes baseline behavioural data for\n                    <jats:italic>M. marinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and demonstrates the value of automated tracking systems in behavioural assays in laboratory settings. It emphasizes the need to account for sex, size, and temporal variation in assay design and supports integrating behavioural endpoints into regulatory protocols.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0357763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:27:26Z","timestamp":1791394046000},"page":"e0357763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shedding light on amphipod behaviour: Baseline locomotion behaviour for laboratory ecotoxicology experiments"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3571-5121","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susanne","family":"Vogeler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Portsmouth","place":["Portsmouth, United Kingdom"],"department":["Institute of Marine Sciences"]},{"name":"University of Exeter","place":["Exeter, United Kingdom"],"department":["Faculty of Life and Health Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7172-5231","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew O.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Surrey","place":["Guildford, United Kingdom"],"department":["Surrey Sleep Research Centre, School of Bioscience"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5702-9160","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel C.","family":"Robson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Portsmouth","place":["Portsmouth, United Kingdom"],"department":["Institute of Life Sciences and Healthcare"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5202-546X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alex T.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Portsmouth","place":["Portsmouth, United Kingdom"],"department":["Institute of Marine Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0357763.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5620","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c06493","article-title":"The role of behavioral ecotoxicology in environmental protection","volume":"55","author":"AT Ford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0357763.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2016.11.008","article-title":"Behaviour revised: contaminant effects on aquatic animal behaviour","volume":"182","author":"G Pyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357763.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-010-0367-2","article-title":"Behavioural ecotoxicology, an \u201cearly warning\u201d 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