{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:59:18Z","timestamp":1790618358025,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To enhance the performance of multi-objective optimization algorithms in the optimization design of car door structures and comprehensively optimize the aesthetics and safety of car doors, an improved multi-objective grey wolf optimization algorithm is proposed. The core of this improvement lies not only in using the optimal solution set method for population initialization to enhance uniformity and diversity, but more importantly, in introducing a novel adaptive double population strategy. This strategy fundamentally reshapes the search behavior of the algorithm by dynamically balancing local development and global exploration throughout the optimization process. At the same time, a hierarchical optimization model for the car door structure is constructed, which organizes parameters on three functionally complementary and logically progressive levels: geometric layer, structural layer, and material layer. An aesthetic function is constructed using the curvature uniformity index, and a safety function is constructed combining collision intrusion and chest acceleration, forming a multi-objective joint evaluation function. The research results indicate that in the multi-objective testing function, the improved multi-objective grey wolf optimization algorithm has an inverse generation distance of 0.041, which is 32.7% lower than the original multi-objective grey wolf optimization algorithm. In the high-dimensional testing problem Door3, the inverted generational distance of the improved multi-objective grey wolf optimization algorithm is only 0.082, which is 58.6% higher than that of the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II. After improving the multi-objective grey wolf optimization algorithm, the aesthetic function value of car doors increases from 0.62 to 0.89, the collision intrusion decreases from 65 mm to 42 mm, and the chest acceleration decreases from 45g to 32g. This study provides an efficient algorithm and feasible solution for multi-objective optimization of car door structures, and customized designs can be obtained by adjusting the aesthetic and safety weights.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0357798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:23:25Z","timestamp":1790616205000},"page":"e0357798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization design of car door structure considering aesthetics and safety"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yu\u2019an","family":"Ning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fine Arts, Silla University","place":["Busan, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9295-8498","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kiesu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fine Arts, Silla University","place":["Busan, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0357798.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1080\/15376494.2024.2353372","article-title":"Topology optimization based on combined mechanical analysis and variable density method for casting structure","volume":"32","author":"H Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mech Adv Mater Struct"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0357798.ref002","first-page":"155","article-title":"A systematic review of computational intelligence techniques for channel selection in P300-based brain computer interface speller","volume":"2","author":"V Bhandari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artif Intell Appl"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0357798.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1177\/09544070221088370","article-title":"Research on optimization of car door closing sound quality based on the integration of structural simulation and test","volume":"237","author":"F Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part D: J Automob Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357798.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.30939\/ijastech..1574611","article-title":"Selection of materials, design and analysis of FSAE chassis for different engineering application - A comprehensive review","volume":"9","author":"M Khot","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Automot Sci Technol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0357798.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1080\/15376494.2024.2382356","article-title":"On crashworthiness design of hybrid metal\u2013composite battery-pack enclosure structure","volume":"32","author":"S Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mech Adv Mater Struct"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0357798.ref006","first-page":"3382","article-title":"Lightweight design of multi-material body structure based on material selection method and implicit parametric modeling","volume":"239","author":"X Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part D: J Automob Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0357798.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s00158-024-03810-1","article-title":"Integrated lightweight optimization design of wall thickness, material, and performance of automobile body side structure","volume":"67","author":"S Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Struct Multidiscip Optim"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0357798.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1080\/15376494.2024.2362960","article-title":"Introducing advanced nanocomposites to enhance the efficiency and stability of the car\u2019s hood door subjected to axial loading via deep neural networks in the mathematical framework","volume":"32","author":"Q Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mech Adv Mater Struct"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0357798.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s12239-023-0060-3","article-title":"Lightweight Concept Design of an Economical Multi-Material Vehicle Door with Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics","volume":"24","author":"X Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IntJ Automot Technol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0357798.ref010","first-page":"2937","article-title":"Multi-criteria structural optimization of a hood inner structure using machine learning technique","volume":"239","author":"P Rostami","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part D: J Automob Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357798.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s12065-021-00649-z","article-title":"MOMPA: Multi-objective marine predator algorithm for solving multi-objective optimization problems","volume":"16","author":"P Jangir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evol Intel"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0357798.ref012","first-page":"2587","article-title":"Multi-objective optimization design of rear seat for a passenger car based on GARS and NSGA-III","volume":"239","author":"X Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part D: J Automob Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0357798.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3657","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-023-09914-z","article-title":"A comparative study of state-of-the-art metaheuristics for solving many-objective optimization problems of fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicle conceptual design","volume":"30","author":"S Anosri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Comput Methods Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0357798.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-024-03744-9","article-title":"Optimization of Integrated Operation of Surface and Groundwater Resources using Multi-Objective Grey Wolf Optimizer (MOGWO) Algorithm","volume":"38","author":"A Torabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Resour Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357798.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-024-00613-4","article-title":"A Surrogate-assisted Multi-objective Grey Wolf Optimizer for Empty-heavy Train Allocation Considering Coordinated Line Utilization Balance","volume":"22","author":"Z Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Bionic Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357798.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-023-2500-x","article-title":"Constructal design of printed circuit recuperator for S-CO2 cycle via multi-objective optimization algorithm","volume":"67","author":"Z Dan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci China Technol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357798.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s44291-025-00099-2","article-title":"Safety challenges in high-voltage electric vehicle collisions: risks and design strategies","volume":"2","author":"VK Agrawal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov Electron"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357798.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1109\/TETCI.2024.3359517","article-title":"A Surrogate-Assisted Expensive Constrained Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithm Based on Adaptive Switching of Acquisition Functions","volume":"8","author":"H Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Emerg Top Comput Intell"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0357798.ref019","first-page":"817","article-title":"Belt line stiffness in automotive door design: A comprehensive analysis of structural integrity and performance impacts","volume":"7","author":"NM Karoliya","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Comput Sci Technol Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357798.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-023-09992-z","article-title":"Multi-objective Seismic Design Optimization of Structures: A Review","volume":"31","author":"P Zakian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Computat Methods Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357798.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jer.2023.10.033","article-title":"Multi-objective optimization of a sustainable two echelon vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery in construction projects","volume":"13","author":"J Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Eng Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0357798.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10867","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2024.3384405","article-title":"Energy-Efficient Trajectory Optimization With Wireless Charging in UAV-Assisted MEC Based on Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning","volume":"23","author":"F Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans on Mobile Comput"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0357798.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11082","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3372137","article-title":"Optimal Sizing and Energy Management of Electric Vehicle Hybrid Energy Storage Systems With Multi-Objective Optimization Criterion","volume":"73","author":"SJ Ankar","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0357798.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1515\/mt-2024-0186","article-title":"Artificial neural network infused quasi oppositional learning partial reinforcement algorithm for structural design optimization of vehicle suspension components","volume":"66","author":"SM Sait","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater Test"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0357798.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1515\/mt-2024-0098","article-title":"Optimization of electric vehicle design problems using improved electric eel foraging optimization algorithm","volume":"66","author":"P Mehta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater Test"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357798.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1166\/sam.2024.4686","article-title":"Advanced lightweight structural materials for automobiles: Properties, manipulation, and perspective","volume":"16","author":"H Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Adv Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357798.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/13588265.2023.2230628","article-title":"Optimization of the crashworthiness design of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer bumper beam","volume":"29","author":"C Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Crashworthiness"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357798.ref028","first-page":"353","article-title":"Finite element analysis approach for optimal design and mechanical performance prediction of additive manufactured sandwich lattice structures","volume":"106","author":"CP Karri","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Inst Eng (India): Ser D"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357798.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s12008-023-01532-0","article-title":"Environmental life cycle assessment of an automobile component fabricated by additive and conventional manufacturing","volume":"18","author":"S Ramadugu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Interact Des Manuf"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0357798.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1515\/mt-2024-0097","article-title":"A novel chaotic artificial rabbits algorithm for optimization of constrained engineering problems","volume":"66","author":"E Duzgun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater Test"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0357798.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtte.2023.10.002","article-title":"Automated, economical, and environmentally-friendly asphalt mix design based on machine learning and multi-objective grey wolf optimization","volume":"11","author":"J Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition)"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0357798","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:23:31Z","timestamp":1790616211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0357798"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Weicong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia - Main Campus Skudai: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","place":["MALAYSIA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0357798","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]}}}