{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:08:05Z","timestamp":1789150085818,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012475","name":"Bureau of Ocean Energy Management","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M15AC00012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M15AC00012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012475","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OCE 1458845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCE 1458845"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Santa Barbara Coastal Long-Term Ecological Research program","award":["1232779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1232779"]}]},{"name":"Santa Barbara Coastal Long-Term Ecological Research program","award":["1831937"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1831937"]}]},{"name":"NASA Biodiversity and Ecological Forecasting Program","award":["NNX14AR62A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX14AR62A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Ecotones and the steep environmental gradients they represent are often hotspots of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Consumer activities can mediate ecosystem functions, including decomposition in these hotspots. For example, cross-ecosystem subsidies of marine macrophyte wrack support diverse, productive intertidal food webs on temperate sandy beaches creating hotspots of organic matter processing that are highly vulnerable to growing disturbance threats. As a proxy for wrack decomposition rates, we compared the CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    flux from the biologically active high tide strandline of bare intertidal beach sands on 14 beaches of California\u2019s Northern Channel Islands that varied greatly in the abundance of wrack and macroinvertebrate wrack consumers. Wrack cover (0.03 to 12 m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    m\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and consumer abundance (339\u2013112,747 individuals m\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) varied by three orders of magnitude across sites. Species richness, biomass, and abundance of wrack-associated macroinvertebrates increased with wrack cover. CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    flux (0.05 to 1.2 g CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    m\n                    <jats:sup>-2<\/jats:sup>\n                    hour\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) was strongly correlated with wrack cover, and wrack consumers likely mediated this relationship. Estimated rates of beach-scale respiration by macroinvertebrate consumers varied over 50-fold among sites (8\u2013449 mg CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    hour\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    m\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). The estimated fraction of beach CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    from wrack consumers averaged 11.8%, but ranged from 0.9 to 37.7% among sites. Wrack was the dominant driver of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    flux while consumers likely modulated this relationship. Our results demonstrate how strong coupling of subsidies, intertidal consumers, and biogeochemical processes affects a key ecosystem function on sandy beaches, a shoreline ecotone imperiled by rising sea levels and coastal development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0357828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:25:48Z","timestamp":1789147548000},"page":"e0357828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-ecosystem subsidies drive CO2 flux rates in a coastal ecotone"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0536-317X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyle A.","family":"Emery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science Institute, University of California","place":["Santa Barbara, California, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lenihan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California","place":["Santa Barbara, California, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas K.","family":"Schooler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science Institute, University of California","place":["Santa Barbara, California, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science Institute, University of California","place":["Santa Barbara, California, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry M.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science Institute, University of California","place":["Santa Barbara, California, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna M.","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Pacific OCS Region","place":["Camarillo, California, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen G.","family":"Whitaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channel Islands National Park, U.S. National Park Service","place":["Ventura, California, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science Institute, University of California","place":["Santa Barbara, California, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenifer E.","family":"Dugan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science Institute, University of California","place":["Santa Barbara, California, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0357828.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(01)02201-7","article-title":"Biodiversity hotspots and beyond: the need for preserving environmental transitions","volume":"16","author":"TB Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0357828.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02290-1","article-title":"Effects of ecotones on biodiversity.","volume-title":"Reference module in life sciences","author":"S Kark","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0357828.ref003","first-page":"1206","article-title":"Control of litter decomposition in 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