{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:05:43Z","timestamp":1790273143903,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RYC2024-050910-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2024-050910-I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED431F 2026\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431F 2026\/15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A long-standing objective in Acheulean research is defining evolutionary trends in handaxe production over time. This study investigates technological and morphological variability in the Early Acheulean by analysing three geographically and chronologically proximate assemblages (&gt;1.2 million years ago) from Melka Kunture (Upper Awash, Ethiopia). Combined techno-typological and geometric morphometric analyses reveal significant variability in handaxe morphology, shaping strategies and raw material selection. The observed dissimilarity suggests that Acheulean handaxe manufacture did not follow a linear path of standardisation. Rather, it demonstrates considerable flexibility, reflecting hominins\u2019 responses to varying constraints and immediate needs within short timeframes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0357880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:23:46Z","timestamp":1790270626000},"page":"e0357880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Random walks in handaxe knapping before 1.2 million years ago in East Africa at Melka Kunture (Upper Awash, Ethiopia)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8272-873X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eduardo","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Quintas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Estudos de Arqueolox\u00eda, Antig\u00fcidade e Territorio (GEAAT), University of Vigo, Facultade de Historia","place":["Ourense, Spain"]},{"name":"University of Lisbon","place":["Lisbon, Portugal"],"department":["UNIARQ \u2013 Centre for Archaeology, School of Arts and Humanities"]},{"name":"IDEA, Instituto de Evoluci\u00f3n en \u00c1frica, University of Alcal\u00e1 de Henares","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita T.","family":"Melis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit","place":["Rome, Italy"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Cagliari","place":["Monserrato, Italy"],"department":["Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche"]},{"name":"CNR-IGAG, Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"Altamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit","place":["Rome, Italy"]},{"name":"Forschungsstation Sch\u00f6ningen, Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen","place":["Sch\u00f6ningen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Bello-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Estudos de Arqueolox\u00eda, Antig\u00fcidade e Territorio (GEAAT), University of Vigo, Facultade de Historia","place":["Ourense, Spain"]},{"name":"IDEA, Instituto de Evoluci\u00f3n en \u00c1frica, University of Alcal\u00e1 de Henares","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Serodio Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inter-University Graduate School of Human Evolution, University of Burgos","place":["Burgos, Spain"]},{"name":"Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adugna","family":"Debalike Belayneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ethiopian Heritage Authority","place":["Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8506-4657","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Salvini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Environment, Centre of Geotechnologies CGT, University of Siena","place":["San Giovanni Valdarno, Italy"],"department":["Department of Physical Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuliano","family":"Ambrosetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Environment, Centre of Geotechnologies CGT, University of Siena","place":["San Giovanni Valdarno, Italy"],"department":["Department of Physical Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Mussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit","place":["Rome, Italy"]},{"name":"ISMEO - The International Association for Mediterranean and Oriental Studies. Corso Vittorio Emanuele II","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0357880.ref001","unstructured":"Bordes F. Les limons quaternaires du Bassin de la Seine, stratigraphie et arch\u00e9ologie pal\u00e9olithique. Paris: Institut de paleontologie humaine 26; 1954. p. 472."},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0079497X00013840","article-title":"British Lower and Middle Paleolithic handaxe group","volume":"34","author":"D Roe","year":"1969","journal-title":"Procedings of the Prehistoric Society"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref003","first-page":"146","article-title":"A metrical analysis of selected sets of handaxes and cleavers from Olduvai Gorge.","volume-title":"Olduvai Gorge. Vol.5, Excavations in Beds III, IV and the Masek Beds, 1968-1971","author":"D. Roe","year":"1994"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref004","first-page":"167","article-title":"Early phases of human behaviour: models in Lower Palaeolithic archaeology.","volume-title":"Models in Archaeology","author":"GL. Isaac","year":"1972"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110878837.477","article-title":"Cultural Patterns in the Olduvai Sequence","author":"MD Leakey","year":"1975","journal-title":"After the Australopithecines. DE Gruyter Mouton"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref006","first-page":"451","article-title":"The Acheulian industrial complex in Africa and elsewhere.","volume-title":"Integrative paths to the past","author":"JD. Clark","year":"1994"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0357880.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.1999.0467","article-title":"Handaxes as a measure of the mental capabilities of early hominids","volume":"27","author":"SP McPherron","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Science"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref008","first-page":"236","article-title":"Acheulian Large Flake Industries: Technology, Chronology, and Significance","volume-title":"BAR International Series 1701","author":"G Sharon","year":"2007"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357880.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221285110","article-title":"The characteristics and chronology of the earliest Acheulean at Konso, Ethiopia","volume":"110","author":"Y Beyene","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357880.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/ojoa.12006","article-title":"Pole to Pole. Archaeology and Adaptation in the Middle Pleistocene at Opposite Ends of the Acheulean World","volume":"32","author":"J McNabb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxford J Archaeology"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref011","first-page":"126","article-title":"A million years of hominin sociality and cognition: Acheulean bifaces in the Hunsgi-Baichbal Valley, India","author":"C Shipton","year":"2013","journal-title":"BAR International Series 2468"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357880.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10437-018-9287-1","article-title":"Biface Knapping Skill in the East African Acheulean: Progressive Trends and Random Walks","volume":"35","author":"C Shipton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Afr Archaeol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref013","article-title":"The African Acheulean: An Archaeological Summary.","author":"M Sahnouni","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. Oxford University Press"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref014","first-page":"100","article-title":"The mirror cracked: Symmetry and refinement in the Acheulean handaxe","volume":"3","author":"J McNabb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357880.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anthro.2017.10.009","article-title":"Acheulean Industries of the Early and Middle Pleistocene, Middle Awash, Ethiopia","volume":"121","author":"K Schick","year":"2017","journal-title":"L\u2019Anthropologie"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2023.103357","article-title":"The Western European Acheulean: Reading variability at a regional scale","volume":"179","author":"P Garc\u00eda-Medrano","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2026.106539","article-title":"The influence of cognitive evolution on handaxe making skill in the Acheulean","volume":"189","author":"A Muller","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357880.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00438243.1970.9979459","article-title":"Handaxe industries in Israel and the Near East","volume":"2","author":"D Gilead","year":"1970","journal-title":"World Archaeology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0357880.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s10437-015-9205-8","article-title":"Technological Trends in the Acheulean of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa","volume":"32","author":"M Chazan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr Archaeol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref020","first-page":"204","article-title":"The symmetry of Acheulean handaxes and cognitive evolution","volume":"2","author":"D Hodgson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref021","first-page":"102649","article-title":"South African handaxes reloaded","volume":"34","author":"MV Caruana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref022","first-page":"23","author":"G Herzlinger","year":"2021"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0357880.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307081","article-title":"When is a handaxe a planned-axe? exploring morphological variability in the Acheulean","volume":"19","author":"J Clark","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0357880.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-024-02072-8","article-title":"The emergence of large flake-based Acheulian technology: perspective from the highland site-complex of Melka Wakena, Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"T Gossa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Archaeol Anthropol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357880.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10816-025-09705-9","article-title":"The Skills of Handaxe Making: Quantifying and Explaining Variability in 3D Sinuosity and Bifacial Asymmetry","volume":"32","author":"A Muller","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Archaeol Method Theory"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref026","first-page":"105563","article-title":"Pronounced increase in biface knapping skill half a million years ago in Britain","volume":"69","author":"C Shipton","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0357880.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s10816-025-09730-8","article-title":"Imposed Form in the Early Acheulean? Evidence from Gona, Afar, Ethiopia","volume":"32","author":"D Stout","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Archaeol Method Theory"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/ppr.2018.2","article-title":"The Acheulean Handaxe Technological Persistence: A Case of Preferred Cultural Conservatism","volume":"84","author":"M Finkel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref029","first-page":"53","article-title":"Acheulean without handaxes? Assemblage variability at FLK West (Lowermost Bed II, Olduvai, Tanzania)","volume":"96","author":"P S\u00e1nchez-Yustos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anthropol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0357880.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-024-02092-4","article-title":"On time scales and \u201csynchronic\u201d variability in the archaeology of human origins: short-term technological variations at SHK (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania)","volume":"16","author":"F Diez-Mart\u00edn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Archaeol Anthropol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0357880.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-022-01671-7","article-title":"3D morphology of handaxes from late Acheulean Jaljulia: A flexible reduction strategy in the Lower Paleolithic Levant","volume":"14","author":"A Muller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Archaeol Anthropol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75985-2_4","article-title":"Before, During, and After the Early Acheulean at Melka Kunture (Upper Awash, Ethiopia): A Techno-economic Comparative Analysis","author":"R Gallotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer International Publishing"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357880.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anthro.2022.102999","article-title":"Une vue d\u2019ensemble sur Melka Kunture, grand complexe de sites pl\u00e9istoc\u00e8nes dans la vall\u00e9e sup\u00e9rieure de l\u2019Awash (\u00c9thiopie)","volume":"126","author":"M Mussi","year":"2022","journal-title":"L\u2019Anthropologie"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref034","article-title":"Early Homo erectus lived at high altitudes and produced both Oldowan and Acheulean tools","author":"M Mussi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2021.02.031","article-title":"After the emergence of the Acheulean at Melka Kunture (Upper Awash, Ethiopia): from Gombore IB (1.6 Ma) to Gombore I\u03b3 (1.4 Ma), Gombore I\u03b4 (1.3 Ma) and Gombore II OAM Test Pit C (1.2 Ma","volume":"657","author":"M Mussi","year":"2023","journal-title":"). Quaternary International"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0357880.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-022-01970-1","article-title":"A surge in obsidian exploitation more than 1.2 million years ago at Simbiro III (Melka Kunture, Upper Awash, Ethiopia)","volume":"7","author":"M Mussi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2025.109685","article-title":"The large lithic assemblage of Gombore I, level B (Melka Kunture, Ethiopia) and the early Acheulean technology in East Africa","volume":"722","author":"E M\u00e9ndez-Quintas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Quaternary International"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357880.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s41982-024-00207-w","article-title":"Unravelling the Development of Large Flake Technology During the Early Acheulean: The Evidence from Simbiro Gully at Melka Kunture (Upper Awash, Ethiopia)","volume":"8","author":"E M\u00e9ndez-Quintas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Paleo Arch"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref039","first-page":"1","article-title":"Le gisement pal\u00e9olithique de Melka-Kontour\u00e9","volume":"1","author":"B Bailloud","year":"1965","journal-title":"Cahier de L\u00b4Institut Ethiopien d\u00b4Archeologie"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref040","first-page":"25","article-title":"The archaeological sites of Melka Kunture.","volume-title":"Studies on the Early Paleolithic site of Melka Kunture","author":"J Chavaillon","year":"2004"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref041","first-page":"27","article-title":"Site de Simburro III \u00e0 Melka-Kuntur\u00e9","volume":"1","author":"O Oussedik","year":"1976","journal-title":"L\u2019Ethiopie avant l\u2019Histoire"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357880.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1144\/SP520-2022-158","article-title":"Volcaniclastic sedimentation in a closed, marginal rift basin: the case of the Melka Kunture area (upper Awash, Ethiopia)","volume":"520","author":"L Pioli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Special Publications"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref043","first-page":"137","article-title":"Garba IV and the Melka Kunture Formation. A preliminary lithostratigraphic approach.","volume-title":"Studies on the Early Paleolithic site of Melka Kunture","author":"JP Raynal","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357880.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2012.680779","article-title":"Topographic and geological mapping in the prehistoric area of Melka Kunture (Ethiopia)","volume":"8","author":"R Salvini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Maps"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357880.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2011.10.007","article-title":"A chronological framework for a long and persistent archaeological record: Melka Kunture, Ethiopia","volume":"62","author":"LE Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-74051-5","volume-title":"The Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot Ya\u2018aqov Vol IV: The Lithic Assemblages","author":"N Goren-Inbar","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref047","volume-title":"Composition and significance of a late Acheulian assemblage, based on an analysis of East African occupation sites. [United States -- Illinois]: The","author":"M Kleindienst","year":"1959"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref048","unstructured":"Bordes F. Typologie du Pal\u00e9olithique ancien et moyen. Bourdeaux: Imprim\u00e9ries Delmas; 1961. 108."},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref049","first-page":"169","article-title":"Flake scar density and handaxe reduction intensity","volume":"2","author":"C Shipton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref050","author":"Jamovi project","year":"2025"},{"issue":"306","key":"pone.0357880.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15184\/S2978855200904463","article-title":"The Flip Test - a new statistical measure for quantifying symmetry in stone tools","volume":"79","author":"T Hardaker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antiquity proj gallery"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref052","unstructured":"Rohlf FJ. tpsUtil v.1.74. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook. 2017."},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref053","unstructured":"Rohlf FJ. tpsDig 2.30. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook. 2017."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0357880.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2010.02924.x","article-title":"MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics","volume":"11","author":"CP Klingenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resour"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref055","first-page":"403","volume-title":"Statistical shape analysis","author":"IL Dryden","year":"1998"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref056","volume-title":"Applied multivariate analysis","author":"NH Timm","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref057","first-page":"93","article-title":"Volcanic markers in coarse alluvium at Melka Kunture (Upper Awash, Ethiopia).","volume-title":"Studies on the Early Paleolithic site of Melka Kunture","author":"G Kieffer","year":"2004"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2009.11.023","article-title":"Large flake Acheulian","author":"G Sharon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Quaternary International"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0357880.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2007.09.004","article-title":"The impact of raw material on Acheulian large flake production","volume":"35","author":"G Sharon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Science"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref060","first-page":"429","article-title":"The Acheulean in Southwestern Europe.","volume-title":"Axe age: Acheulian tool-making from quarry to discard","author":"M Santonja","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357880.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s41982-025-00224-3","article-title":"Reconstructing Skills and Strategies of Hominins During the Early Acheulean: Behavioral Flexibility in Handaxe Production at Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania","volume":"8","author":"K Akhilesh","year":"2025","journal-title":"). J Paleo Arch"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0357880.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01117111","article-title":"Isenya: \u00e9tat des recherches sur un nouveau site acheul\u00e9en d\u2019Afrique orientale","volume":"6","author":"H Roche","year":"1988","journal-title":"Afr Archaeol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref063","unstructured":"Sanchez Dehesa-Gal\u00e1n S. Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9valuation de la variation interne des industries acheul\u00e9ennes. Le cas de Garba I (Melka Kunture, Ethiopie). Universit\u00e0 di Roma Sapienza-Universit\u00e9 Paris Nanterre; 2020."},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75985-2_8","article-title":"Bifacial Shaping at the TK Acheulean Site (Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania): New Excavations 50 Years After Mary Leakey.","volume-title":"The Emergence of the Acheulean in East Africa and Beyond. Contributions in honor of Jean Chavaillon","author":"M Santonja","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0357880.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/bor.12275","article-title":"Site function and lithic technology in the Acheulean technocomplex: a case study from Thiongo Korongo (TK), Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania","volume":"46","author":"S Rubio-Jara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Boreas"},{"key":"pone.0357880.ref066","article-title":"Large Tool Production Sequences in FLK West (Lower Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania): Conceptualizing Form and Use During the Earliest Acheulean","author":"J Duque-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Afr Archaeol Rev"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0357880","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:24:07Z","timestamp":1790270647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0357880"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ran","family":"Barkai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tel Aviv university","place":["ISRAEL"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0357880","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}}}