{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:28:40Z","timestamp":1789658920483,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Office of the Vice President for Research and Innovation, Addis Ababa University","award":["RD\/PY-524\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD\/PY-524\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038b8e254","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Botanical repellents provide a traditional means of personal protection, yet optimizing their formulations is increasingly required to address shifting mosquito feeding behaviors and mitigate disease transmission. The current study aimed to evaluate the repellent efficacy of essential oils and their binary combinations as complex matrices against\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    bites\n                    <jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic>\n                    the major malaria vector in Ethiopia. Essential oils were extracted from fresh parts of four ethnobotanically investigated medicinal plants in the Ghibe Valley, Ethiopia, namely\n                    <jats:italic>Croton macrostachyus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Echinops kebericho<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Eucalyptus globulus,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Juniperus procera<\/jats:italic>\n                    using hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of the essential oils was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Arm-in-cage bioassays using laboratory-reared mosquitoes and human volunteers determined the effective dosage and complete protection time of the essential oils at 10% and 20% concentrations. A total of 131 chemical constituents were identified across the four analyzed essential oils. The\n                    <jats:italic>C. macrostachyus<\/jats:italic>\n                    leaf and seed oils provided a significantly longer protection time (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), reaching 180 minutes with a mean percentage repellency of 85% to 100%. The essential oil of\n                    <jats:italic>J. procera<\/jats:italic>\n                    blended with\n                    <jats:italic>C. macrostachyus<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>E. kebericho<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited significant synergistic repellency (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The protection duration demonstrating by\n                    <jats:italic>C. macrostachyus<\/jats:italic>\n                    oil underscores their potential to meet the regulatory performance standards for natural insect repellents. Future investigations should include larger sample sizes, dermal toxicity assessments and field validation to fully support the commercialization of these essential oils.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T17:34:06Z","timestamp":1789493646000},"page":"e0358040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Repellency and chemical composition of essential oils from four medicinal plants against Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory conditions"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8267-0528","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zeyede","family":"Teshome","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Woldia University","place":["Woldia, Ethiopia"],"department":["Department of Biology"]},{"name":"Aklilu Lemma Institute of Health Research, Addis Ababa University","place":["Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abebe","family":"Animut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aklilu Lemma Institute of Health Research, Addis Ababa University","place":["Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belete Adefris","family":"Legesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), Addis Ababa University","place":["Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirutse","family":"Giday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aklilu Lemma Institute of Health Research, Addis Ababa University","place":["Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esayas","family":"Aklilu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aklilu Lemma Institute of Health Research, Addis Ababa University","place":["Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0358040.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v22i4.68","article-title":"A world free of malaria: It is time for Africa to actively champion and take leadership of elimination and eradication strategies","volume":"22","author":"CO Egwu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"pone.0358040.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1079\/9781800620025.0031","article-title":"Health, climate and challenges in Africa: 2024\u20132100","author":"CD Butler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Climate change and global health: primary, secondary and tertiary effects"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358040.ref003","first-page":"8863002","article-title":"Prevalence of malaria among adults in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"2021","author":"FA Kendie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"pone.0358040.ref004","volume-title":"Global Malaria Programme operational strategy 2024-2030","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0358040.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmala.2025.1492444","article-title":"Can Ethiopia eliminate malaria? 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