{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:11:11Z","timestamp":1790014271398,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Current clinical assessment methods are insufficiently sensitive for detection of subtle post-concussion impairments in perceptual-cognitive function. The purpose of this study was to search for any perceptual response metrics associated with concussion history that might increase understanding of altered brain-behavior relationships. Immersive virtual reality test data were aggregated for 202 healthy adolescents and young adults (116 males, 86 females) who participated in different studies over a 2-year period. Left- versus right-directed neck rotation, arm reach, and step-lunge responses to sequential presentations of 2 types of horizontally moving visual stimuli were measured in terms of time to initiation of body segment movement (perceptual latency [PL]), as well as response completion (response time [RT]). Speed-accuracy tradeoff was represented by rate correct per second for PL (RCS-PL) and RT (RCS-RT) of neck and arm movements, and across-trial inconsistency was represented by PL variability (PLV) and RT variability (RTV). Both supervised machine learning and theory-based statistical regression methods were used to identify metrics that best discriminated between participants who reported a history of no concussion (NC), single concussion (SC), NC\u2009+\u2009SC, or multiple concussions (MC). Additionally, statistical regression was used to assess a theoretical relationship between metrics believed to align with components of the drift-diffusion computational model of decision-making. The best metric for discrimination between NC\u2009+\u2009SC and MC was Neck RCS-PL. Neck PLV values demonstrated a strong inverse logarithmic correlation with Neck RCS-PL (r\u2009=\u2009\u20130.796,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The Neck RCS-PL and Neck PLV behavioral metrics may have relevance to the two components of the drift-diffusion computational model of perceptual decision-making, and their combination may be associated with a cumulative and persisting deficiency after having sustained more than one lifetime concussion.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:42:23Z","timestamp":1790012543000},"page":"e0358042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Virtual reality, machine learning, and statistical modeling reveal an association between multiple concussion history and impaired perceptual decision-making"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8433-7329","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gary B.","family":"Wilkerson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee at Chattanooga","place":["Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Health & Human Performance"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Joghataee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbert College of Business, Auburn University","place":["Auburn, Alabama, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Business Analytics & Information Systems"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbert College of Business, Auburn University","place":["Auburn, Alabama, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Business Analytics & Information Systems"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358042.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.11.005","article-title":"Impaired motor control after sport-related concussion could increase risk for musculoskeletal injury: implications for clinical management and rehabilitation","volume":"10","author":"TL Chmielewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"pone.0358042.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.plm.2024.06.003","article-title":"More than a bump to the head: an overview of the long-term effects of concussion","volume":"81","author":"CA Coffman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol Learn Motiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358042.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-018-0178-3","article-title":"A cohort study to identify and evaluate concussion risk factors across multiple injury settings: findings from the CARE Consortium","volume":"6","author":"KL Van Pelt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inj Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0358042.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518785901","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Injury Risk After Sport-Related Concussion: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"AL McPherson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0358042.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012580","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of multiple concussions on midline brain structures","volume":"97","author":"NW Churchill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0358042.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.07.024","article-title":"Systemic inflammation moderates the association of prior concussion with hippocampal volume and episodic memory in high school and collegiate athletes","volume":"89","author":"BL Brett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0358042.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7143","article-title":"Association of previous concussion with hippocampal volume and symptoms in collegiate-aged athletes","volume":"38","author":"TB Meier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"pone.0358042.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.11.022","article-title":"Electrophysiological impact of multiple concussions in asymptomatic athletes: a re-analysis based on alpha activity during a visual-spatial attention task","volume":"108","author":"S Guay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0358042.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5274","article-title":"Decreased number of self-paced saccades in post-concussion syndrome associated with higher symptom burden and reduced white matter integrity","volume":"35","author":"F Taghdiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358042.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-52.1.14","article-title":"Long-term cognitive and neuropsychiatric consequences of repetitive concussion and head-impact exposure","volume":"52","author":"T McAllister","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0358042.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320943578","article-title":"Repeated concussions impair behavioral and neurophysiological changes in the motor learning system","volume":"34","author":"G Cantarero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"pone.0358042.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00188","article-title":"Lifetime multiple mild traumatic brain injuries are associated with cognitive and mood symptoms in young healthy college students","volume":"7","author":"KC Vynorius","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0358042.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2024.04.005","article-title":"The relationship between multiple concussions and multidimensional sleep quality in collegiate-aged, active athletes","volume":"10","author":"KM Van Bortel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0358042.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3256","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519872502","article-title":"Multiple concussions increase odds and rate of lower extremity injury in national collegiate athletic association athletes after return to play","volume":"47","author":"GK Harada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358042.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-240021","article-title":"Changes in brain structure and function in a multisport cohort of retired female and male athletes, many years after suffering a concussion: implications for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis","volume":"8","author":"M Turner","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0358042.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0871-y","article-title":"Neuromuscular control deficits and the risk of subsequent injury after a concussion: a scoping review","volume":"48","author":"DR Howell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0358042.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2024.103219","article-title":"The state of the science for potential contributors to musculoskeletal injury following concussion: mechanisms, gaps, and clinical considerations","volume":"75","author":"LB Lempke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"key":"pone.0358042.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2024.2310782","article-title":"Sport type and risk of subsequent injury in collegiate athletes following concussion: a LIMBIC MATARS consortium investigation","author":"JR Oldham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0358042.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26280","article-title":"Rethinking recovery in adolescent concussions: network-level functional connectivity alterations associated with motor deficits","volume":"44","author":"JE Crasta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0358042.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2017.03.006","article-title":"Gender differences in nonlinear motor performance following concussion","volume":"8","author":"BE Studenka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358042.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2022.2163290","article-title":"Altered connectivity of default mode and executive control networks among female patients with persistent post-concussion symptoms","volume":"37","author":"JKY Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358042.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546521998081","article-title":"Influence of cognitive performance on musculoskeletal injury risk: a systematic review","volume":"50","author":"JM Avedesian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0358042.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546521997116","article-title":"Musculoskeletal injuries and their association with previous concussion history: a prospective study of high school volleyball and soccer players","volume":"49","author":"KM Biese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0358042.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000001027","article-title":"Visual-spatial attentional performance identifies lower extremity injury risk in adolescent athletes","volume":"32","author":"JM Avedesian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0358042.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2016.1147080","article-title":"Movement disorders and motor impairments following repeated head trauma: a systematic review of the literature 1990-2015","volume":"30","author":"B Ozolins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358042.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2018.7432","article-title":"Dual-task assessment protocols in concussion assessment: a systematic literature review","volume":"48","author":"M Kleiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0358042.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1851901","article-title":"The association between perceptual-cognitive processes and response time in decision making in young soccer players","volume":"39","author":"SL Cardoso F da","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"pone.0358042.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747852","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.747852","article-title":"Neuroassessment in sports: an integrative approach for performance and potential evaluation in athletes","volume":"13","author":"D Crivelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358042.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-020-00349-9","article-title":"Brain function associated with reaction time after sport-related concussion","volume":"15","author":"NW Churchill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358042.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0209.22","article-title":"Neurocognitive errors and noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in professional male soccer players","volume":"59","author":"A Gokeler","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"pone.0358042.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00035","article-title":"Reorganization and plastic changes of the human brain associated with skill learning and expertise","volume":"8","author":"Y Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0358042.ref032","article-title":"Average is optimal: an inverted-U relationship between trial-to-trial brain activity and behavioral performance","volume":"9","author":"BJ He","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0358042.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad056","article-title":"Acute thalamic connectivity precedes chronic post-concussive symptoms in mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"146","author":"RE Woodrow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0358042.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2008.12-06-420","article-title":"The diffusion decision model: theory and data for two-choice decision tasks","volume":"20","author":"R Ratcliff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0358042.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.slast.2024.100171","article-title":"Neuromechanical proficiency in elite performance decision-making: an event-related potential (ERP) analysis","volume":"29","author":"Q Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"SLAS Technol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0358042.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0060-14.2014","article-title":"A motor-oriented organization of human ventral visual cortex?","volume":"34","author":"JP Gallivan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0358042.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01116-7","article-title":"The effects of cognitive loading on motor behavior in injured individuals: a systematic review","volume":"49","author":"CJ Burcal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0358042.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039172","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1039172","article-title":"A practical introduction to using the drift diffusion model of decision-making in cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and health sciences","volume":"13","author":"CE Myers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"49","key":"pone.0358042.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18060","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4735-11.2011","article-title":"Reduced white matter integrity is related to cognitive instability","volume":"31","author":"AM Fjell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0358042.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617719000882","article-title":"Beyond measures of central tendency: novel methods to examine sex differences in neuropsychological performance following sports-related concussion in collegiate athletes","volume":"25","author":"VC Merritt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358042.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2217\/cnc-2016-0001","article-title":"Prolonged cognitive-motor impairments in children and adolescents with a history of concussion","volume":"1","author":"M Dalecki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Concussion"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0358042.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.01.011","article-title":"Modified perceptual training in sport: a new classification framework","volume":"21","author":"SM Hadlow","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"pone.0358042.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00513","article-title":"Concussion as a multi-scale complex system: an interdisciplinary synthesis of current knowledge","volume":"8","author":"ES Kenzie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0358042.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1358","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: a disease process, not an event","volume":"27","author":"BE Masel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0358042.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0875-7","article-title":"Baseline performance of NCAA athletes on a concussion assessment battery: a report from the CARE consortium","volume":"48","author":"BP Katz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358042.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2012.693950","article-title":"Reaffirmed limitations of meta-analytic methods in the study of mild traumatic brain injury: a response to Rohling et al","volume":"27","author":"ED Bigler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0358042.ref047","article-title":"The limits of reductionism in medicine: could systems biology offer an alternative?","volume":"3","author":"AC Ahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0358042.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095850","article-title":"Complex systems approach for sports injuries: moving from risk factor identification to injury pattern recognition-narrative review and new concept","volume":"50","author":"NFN Bittencourt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0358042.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.02.004","article-title":"A systematic review shows no performance benefit of machine learning over logistic regression for clinical prediction models","volume":"110","author":"E Christodoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358042.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-024-00788-4","article-title":"On leveraging machine learning in sport science in the hypothetico-deductive framework","volume":"10","author":"J Rodu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"pone.0358042.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046572","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2023.1046572","article-title":"Subtle impairments of perceptual-motor function and well-being are detectable among military cadets and college athletes with self-reported history of concussion","volume":"5","author":"GB Wilkerson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358042.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14010068","article-title":"Assessment and training of perceptual-motor function: performance of college wrestlers associated with history of concussion","volume":"14","author":"GB Wilkerson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0358042.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14111091","article-title":"Perceptual response training for reduction of injury risk among high school girls\u2019 soccer players","volume":"14","author":"GB Wilkerson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"pone.0358042.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374772","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1374772","article-title":"Concussion history and virtual reality metrics predict core or lower extremity injury occurrence among high school athletes","volume":"6","author":"GB Wilkerson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0358042.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125231205322","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of immersive virtual reality measures of perceptual-motor performance","volume":"130","author":"GB Wilkerson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358042.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199001000-00010","article-title":"No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons","volume":"1","author":"KJ Rothman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"51","key":"pone.0358042.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2018.1543136","article-title":"Moving towards the post p< 0.05 era via the analysis of credibility","volume":"73","author":"RA Matthews","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358042.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2016.1255236","article-title":"Perceptual-cognitive skill and the in situ performance of soccer players","volume":"71","author":"MJJ van Maarseveen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol (Hove)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358042.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-020-00283-6","article-title":"The effects of anticipation and visual and sensory performance on concussion risk in sport: a review","volume":"6","author":"SM Kung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358042.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090943","article-title":"Lateralized readiness potentials reveal properties of a neural mechanism for implementing a decision threshold","volume":"9","author":"MK van Vugt","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0358042.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15070721","article-title":"Perceptual decision efficiency is modifiable and associated with decreased musculoskeletal injury risk among female college soccer players","volume":"15","author":"GB Wilkerson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"pone.0358042.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.04.019","article-title":"The dissociation of temporal processing behavior in concussion patients: stable motor and dynamic perceptual timing","volume":"119","author":"F Bader","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0358042.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.01.051","article-title":"Neural correlates of decision thresholds in the human subthalamic nucleus","volume":"26","author":"DM Herz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pone.0358042.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190905385.001.0001","volume-title":"The brain from inside out","author":"G Buzsaki","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0358042.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2022.11.002","article-title":"Anticipatory head control mechanisms in response to impact perturbations: an investigation of club rugby players with and without a history of concussion injury","volume":"59","author":"MD Bussey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0358042.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465241247212","article-title":"The prevalence and influence of new or worsened neck pain after a sport-related concussion in collegiate athletes: a study from the CARE consortium","volume":"52","author":"JA King","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358042.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10827-017-0643-y","article-title":"Reaction time impairments in decision-making networks as a diagnostic marker for traumatic brain injuries and neurological diseases","volume":"42","author":"PD Maia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Comput Neurosci"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0358042.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.1538","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of concussion reported by US adolescents, 2016-2020","volume":"325","author":"P Veliz","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358042","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:42:34Z","timestamp":1790012554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358042"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jose Gerardo","family":"Tamez-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey: Tecnologico de Monterrey","place":["MEXICO"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358042","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]}}}