{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:09:01Z","timestamp":1789495741290,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"College of Opticians and Optometrists of Catalonia","award":["19\/0627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19\/0627"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Light stimulation has been used in research to treat health-related problems. However, the impact of different wavelengths in cortical areas related to vision remains unknown. In this study, we aim to investigate the effects of light exposure to three different monochromatic wavelengths on brain areas involved in vergence and oculomotor control. Participants underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after one-minute exposure to monochromatic light, on three separate days for three different wavelengths corresponding to blue, green, and red light. Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations and regional homogeneity were used to investigate the changes in the regional intensity of spontaneous fluctuations after each passive light stimulation, for cortical regions involving vergence and eye movements, but also for the whole brain. We observed that green light exposure compared with the red and blue light increases the intensity on: i) the intersection of the intraparietal sulcus with the postcentral sulcus (bilaterally), and ii) the intersection of the left middle frontal gyrus with the precentral sulci, measured with fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations and regional homogeneity. This study shows the potential impact of light exposure on brain areas involved in attentional control tasks such as oculomotor control, especially when comparing the effects of green and blue light. Future research can further explore the impact of light stimulation in cortical regions involving the visual and oculomotor systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T17:46:42Z","timestamp":1789494402000},"page":"e0358046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exposure to different light wavelengths impacts cortical areas associated with oculomotor and attentional control"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8043-8187","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cleof\u00e9","family":"Pe\u00f1a-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernat","family":"Sunyer-Grau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech (UPC), Campus de Terrassa","place":["Barcelona, Spain"],"department":["Departament d\u2019\u00d2ptica i Optometria (DOO)"]},{"name":"Centre for Sensors, Instruments, and Systems Development (CD6), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech (UPC)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5474-9832","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marc","family":"Argil\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech (UPC), Campus de Terrassa","place":["Barcelona, Spain"],"department":["Departament d\u2019\u00d2ptica i Optometria (DOO)"]},{"name":"Centre for Sensors, Instruments, and Systems Development (CD6), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech (UPC)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0358046.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.4.656","article-title":"The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders: a review and meta-analysis of the evidence","volume":"162","author":"RN Golden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0358046.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-006-0621-4","article-title":"Blue light improves cognitive performance","volume":"114","author":"S Lehrl","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358046.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420956711","article-title":"Evaluation of green light exposure on headache frequency and quality of life in migraine patients: a preliminary one-way cross-over clinical trial","volume":"41","author":"LF Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358046.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01477.x","article-title":"Morning bright light therapy for sleep and behavior disorders in elderly patients with dementia","volume":"89","author":"K Mishima","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358046.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20538","article-title":"Narrow-band blue-light treatment of seasonal affective disorder in adults and the influence of additional nonseasonal symptoms","volume":"26","author":"RE Strong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"pone.0358046.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.10.015","article-title":"Effects of blue- and red-enriched light on attention and sleep in typically developing adolescents","volume":"199","author":"P Studer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"pone.0358046.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27754","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27754","article-title":"Ocular exposure to blue-enriched light has an asymmetric influence on neural activity and spatial attention","volume":"6","author":"DP Newman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358046.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2008.08.021","article-title":"Cognitive control of saccadic eye movements","volume":"68","author":"SB Hutton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0358046.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3943","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00092-3","article-title":"Dynamics of horizontal vergence movements: interaction with horizontal and vertical saccades and relation with monocular preferences","volume":"38","author":"AF van Leeuwen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0358046.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025866","article-title":"Differentiation between vergence and saccadic functional activity within the human frontal eye fields and midbrain revealed through fMRI","volume":"6","author":"Y Alkan","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0358046.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.192666","article-title":"The neural basis of visual attention","volume":"589","author":"JW Bisley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358046.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-060909-152823","article-title":"Attention, intention, and priority in the parietal lobe","volume":"33","author":"JW Bisley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358046.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20668-9","article-title":"Functional connectivity of brain networks with three monochromatic wavelengths: a pilot study using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"12","author":"M Argil\u00e9s","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0358046.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00210","article-title":"Regional homogeneity predicts creative insight: a resting-state fMRI study","volume":"12","author":"J Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358046.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-016-9299-4","article-title":"DPABI: data processing & analysis for (resting-state) brain imaging","volume":"14","author":"C-G Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358046.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.04.012","article-title":"An improved approach to detection of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) for resting-state fMRI: fractional ALFF","volume":"172","author":"Q-H Zou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"pone.0358046.ref017","volume-title":"Rank Correlation Methods","author":"M Kendall","year":"1990","edition":"5"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0358046.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx179","article-title":"Local-global parcellation of the human cerebral cortex from intrinsic functional connectivity MRI","volume":"28","author":"A Schaefer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"pone.0358046.ref019","first-page":"66","article-title":"Frontal eye field, where art thou? anatomy, function, and non-invasive manipulation of frontal regions involved in eye movements and associated cognitive operations","volume":"8","author":"M Vernet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358046.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00338.2011","article-title":"The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity","volume":"106","author":"BTT Yeo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358046.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn755","article-title":"Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain","volume":"3","author":"M Corbetta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0358046.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062111-150525","article-title":"The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after","volume":"35","author":"SE Petersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0358046.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2019.1593191","article-title":"Effects of a single short exposure to blue light on cognitive performance","volume":"36","author":"L Tonetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"pone.0358046.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2024.02.010","article-title":"Attentional correlates of colored lights: considerations for cognitive testing","volume":"543","author":"V Vani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358046.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41084-7","article-title":"Brightness perception under photopic conditions: experiments and modeling with contributions of S-cone and ipRGC","volume":"13","author":"TQ Khanh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7358","key":"pone.0358046.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10206","article-title":"Photoentrainment and pupillary light reflex are mediated by distinct populations of ipRGCs","volume":"476","author":"S-K Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358046.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.05.023","article-title":"Melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion-cell photoreceptors: cellular diversity and role in pattern vision","volume":"67","author":"JL Ecker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0358046.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.07.001","article-title":"Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells: many subtypes, diverse functions","volume":"34","author":"TM Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358046.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(03)00143-7","article-title":"The locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system: modulation of behavioral state and state-dependent cognitive processes","volume":"42","author":"CW Berridge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358046.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.09.011","article-title":"Orienting and reorienting: the locus coeruleus mediates cognition through arousal","volume":"76","author":"SJ Sara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pone.0358046.ref031","first-page":"5975371","article-title":"An fMRI pilot study to evaluate brain activation associated with locomotion adaptation","volume":"2011","author":"L Marchal-Crespo","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358046.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-012-9158-3","article-title":"Pilot fMRI investigation of representational plasticity associated with motor skill learning and its functional consequences","volume":"6","author":"EB Plow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0358046.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900015595","article-title":"Neural dysfunction in postpartum depression: an fMRI pilot study","volume":"12","author":"ME Silverman","year":"2007","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358046","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T17:46:48Z","timestamp":1789494408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358046"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nick","family":"Fogt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University","place":["UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358046","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}