{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:00:25Z","timestamp":1791396025705,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"African Research Initiative for Scientific Excellenc","award":["ARISE-PP-FA-122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARISE-PP-FA-122"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Malaria rapid diagnosis tests (mRDTs) detecting\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      histidine-rich protein 2 (\n                      <jats:italic>Pfhrp2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) are the most widely adopted diagnostic tool in malaria-endemic areas. However, extensive polymorphisms in\n                      <jats:italic>Pfhrp2<\/jats:italic>\n                      could modify\n                      <jats:italic>Pfhrp2<\/jats:italic>\n                      epitopes, rendering it undetectable by\n                      <jats:italic>Pfhrp2<\/jats:italic>\n                      -based mRDTs. This study investigates the spatial distribution and population dynamics of\n                      <jats:italic>Pfhrp2<\/jats:italic>\n                      in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pfhrp2 sequences (215) were retrieved from public repositories and analysed with MAFFT v7, DnaSP, and various packages in R. We computed genetic diversity metrics, neutrality tests, differentiation, haplotype networks, and phylogenetic analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Varying degrees of insertion-deletion with about 10 polymorphic repeat motif types that varied in frequencies were observed. Repeat types 2, 4 and 7 were the most prevalent types. Baker model prediction with mRDTs monoclonal antibodies indicated the prevalence of highly detected\n                      <jats:italic>Pfhrp2<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates in sSA. Significant diversity was recorded across the sSA region (Hd\u2009=\u20091; \u03b8w\u2009=\u20090.09585). The single most dominant haplotype was conserved across countries, and very low differentiation (F\n                      <jats:sub>ST<\/jats:sub>\n                      : 0.00\u20130.04) suggested gene flow between countries.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings imply that the dominant evolutionary pressure in sSA is promoting the parasite's biological fitness and the diversity of\n                      <jats:italic>Pfhrp2<\/jats:italic>\n                      .However, the impact of this genetic diversity on diagnostic performance was not assessed as we could not obtain relevant mRDT test data for each country.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:34:56Z","timestamp":1791394496000},"page":"e0358132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial and genetic dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein2 in sub-Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1625-5609","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kaothar O.","family":"Lambe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Gambia at The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","place":["Banjul, Gambia"],"department":["Medical Research Council Unit"]},{"name":"University of Medical Science","place":["Ondo, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Favour","family":"Adeloye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Gambia at The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","place":["Banjul, Gambia"],"department":["Medical Research Council Unit"]},{"name":"University of Medical Science","place":["Ondo, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Oboh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lagos","place":["Akoka, Nigeria"],"department":["Cell Biology and Genetics Department"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halima","family":"Abdulsalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Gambia at The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","place":["Banjul, Gambia"],"department":["Medical Research Council Unit"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin M.","family":"Meremikwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calabar Teaching Hospital","place":["Calabar, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant L.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine","place":["Liverpool, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Heinz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Strathclyde","place":["Glasgow, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5720-8425","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mary A.","family":"Oboh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Gambia at The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","place":["Banjul, Gambia"],"department":["Medical Research Council Unit"]},{"name":"Malaria Genetic Epidemiology Network","place":["Nigeria, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria"]},{"name":"Lander University","place":["Greenwood, South Carolina, United States of America"],"department":["Biology Department"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0358132.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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