{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:00:25Z","timestamp":1790618425154,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["An1067\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["An1067\/4-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002661","name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pavlovian sign- and goal-tracking have been proposed as a translational framework for understanding individual vulnerability to addiction. In humans, eye\u2011movement\u2013based Pavlovian Conditioned Approach (PCA) tasks and alcohol\u2011related attentional bias paradigms may capture complementary aspects of cue\u2011driven behavior, yet their relationship remains underexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed (1) to test the hypothesized positive association between sign-tracking tendencies and alcohol-related attentional bias, and (2) further evaluate a computerized PCA paradigm for identifying human sign\u2011 versus goal\u2011tracking tendencies by attempting to replicate prior evidence linking sign-tracking to higher alcohol use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The main study included 159 healthy volunteers. Eye\u2011movement indices of sign\u2011 and goal\u2011oriented attention were collected, and latent profile analysis was used to derive PCA behavioral profiles. Alcohol\u2011related attentional bias was assessed using a free\u2011viewing task, while self\u2011report questionnaires measured alcohol consumption and personality traits. In an additional side experiment (n\u2009=\u2009138), a gaze\u2011contingent, interactable lever was implemented as the conditioned stimulus (CS) to more closely approximate animal PCA procedures. Due to inconclusive outcomes, results from this experiment are reported in the supporting information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sign-trackers showed a modest tendency toward greater alcohol-related attentional bias than intermediate participants, although not compared with goal-trackers. No robust evidence emerged for differences in alcohol consumption across PCA profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings provide preliminary support for a positive association between sign-tracking tendencies and alcohol-related attentional bias, consistent with theoretical predictions, although the effect was small and should be interpreted cautiously. In contrast to previous reports, sign-tracking was unrelated to alcohol consumption. The attenuated effects likely reflect methodological constraints, including low reward salience and the passive nature of the task (e.g., fictitious token reinforcement). Further refinement of human PCA paradigms (particularly regarding conditioned stimulus properties, reward type, and participant engagement) is needed to clarify the boundary conditions of sign- and goal-tracking and strengthen their translational validity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:29:17Z","timestamp":1790616557000},"page":"e0358192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human sign-tracking and its relationship with attentional biases for alcohol"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8382-1581","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michelle","family":"Heck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology & Neuroscience of Cognition - PsyNCog, Quantitative Psychology, Universit\u00e9 de 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