{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T18:07:17Z","timestamp":1789668437615,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["STDP-R8-2022-NP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STDP-R8-2022-NP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NACA 58-6062-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NACA 58-6062-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Tennessee","award":["Hatch Project 7002511 (TEN00600)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hatch Project 7002511 (TEN00600)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/020f3ap87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of Tennessee","award":["University of Tennessee-Knoxville Student\/Faculty Research Award (SFRA2023)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["University of Tennessee-Knoxville Student\/Faculty Research Award (SFRA2023)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/020f3ap87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Callery pear (\n                    <jats:italic>Pyrus calleryana<\/jats:italic>\n                    Decne.; PC) possesses many desirable characteristics valued in managed landscapes. This has driven the release of numerous cultivars, including both hybrids and selections derived from native populations. The extensive planting of PC cultivars in managed areas has contributed to the widespread occurrence of invasive individuals across a broad range of habitats in the eastern United States (US). Self-incompatibility, tolerance to various environmental conditions, pathogen and pest resistance, intraspecific hybridization among the cultivars, possible interspecific hybridization with other\n                    <jats:italic>Pyrus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, and seed dispersal by various vertebrates have contributed to the spread and persistence of PC across diverse environments. Because effective and environmentally appropriate management options remain limited, improved understanding of PC genetics may help inform management strategies. Previous studies have characterized PC diversity using nuclear genomic short sequence repeats (gSSRs), however, neither a mitochondrial genome resource nor mitochondrial short sequence repeats (mtSSRs) have been developed for this purpose. Here, we assembled a mitochondrial genome of 485,892 bp and used five mtSSRs to characterize mitochondrial\u00a0diversity and population structure among accessions from the species\u2019 native range in Asia (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200972), southeastern US escapees (SNesc;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200990), Tennessee escapees (TNesc;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200990), and US-released commercial cultivars (UScult;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200969 representing 14 unique cultivars). We found a high genetic diversity (H\n                    <jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.728) and evidence of genetic structure in PC. In distance-based and multivariate analyses, UScult occupied an intermediate position between the Asian populations and the US escapees. The observed mitochondrial diversity among samples assigned to PC cultivars is consistent with a complex genetic landscape and may reflect distinct maternal lineages, cultivar-labeling or record-keeping discrepancies, and\/or technical variation. This study underscores the need for broader genomic investigations using authenticated cultivar reference material and high-resolution nuclear markers to resolve cultivar ancestry, validate true-to-name identity, and inform species management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T17:23:06Z","timestamp":1789665786000},"page":"e0358231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mitochondrial genome-derived microsatellites reveal genetic diversity and population structure in Callery pear populations"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Alina","family":"Pokhrel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee","place":["Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1991-2563","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Denita","family":"Hadziabdic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee","place":["Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert N.","family":"Trigiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee","place":["Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William E.","family":"Klingeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee","place":["Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Plant Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Coyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University","place":["Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2655-5464","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcin","family":"Nowicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee","place":["Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358231.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.5962\/p.287338","article-title":"The rise and fall of the ornamental callery pear tree","volume":"74","author":"TM Culley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arnoldia"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref002","unstructured":"Meyer FN. South China explorations. 1918."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5962\/p.249621","article-title":"Ornamental Plant Introduction- Building on the Past","volume":"33","author":"JL Creech","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arnoldia"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0358231.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1641\/B571108","article-title":"The beginning of a new invasive plant: a history of the ornamental callery pear in the United States","volume":"57","author":"TM Culley","year":"2007","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref005","unstructured":"Whitehouse W, Creech J, Seaton G. Bradford ornamental pear-a promising shade tree. 1963."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0358231.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-008-9386-z","article-title":"The role of intraspecific hybridization in the evolution of invasiveness: a case study of the ornamental pear tree Pyrus calleryana","volume":"11","author":"TM Culley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Invasions"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.2179\/0008-7475(2005)070[0020:OTSACD]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the Spread and Current Distribution of Pyrus calleryana in the United States","volume":"70","author":"MA Vincent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Castanea"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0358231.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1000113","article-title":"Reproductive success of cultivated Pyrus calleryana (Rosaceae) and establishment ability of invasive, hybrid progeny","volume":"97","author":"NA Hardiman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Bot"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref009","volume-title":"Plant invaders of mid-Atlantic natural areas","author":"J Swearingen","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref010","volume-title":"The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening","author":"A Huxley","year":"1992"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0358231.ref011","first-page":"531","article-title":"Microsatellite Loci Reveal Genetic Diversity of Asian Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana) in the Species Native Range and in the North American Cultivars","volume":"11","author":"S Sapkota","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref012","unstructured":"EDDMapS 12. Callery pear (Bradford pear) (Pyrus calleryana Decne.) - EDDMapS State Distribution. https:\/\/www.eddmaps.org. 2026."},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861398","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.861398","article-title":"Microsatellite Loci Reveal High Genetic Diversity, Mutation, and Migration Rates as Invasion Drivers of Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana) in the Southeastern United States","volume":"13","author":"S Sapkota","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0358231.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTTECH04892-21","article-title":"Fire Can Reduce Thorn Damage by the Invasive Callery Pear Tree","volume":"31","author":"DR Coyle","year":"2021","journal-title":"hortte"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0358231.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1017\/inp.2023.28","article-title":"Invasion by Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana) does not affect understory abundance or diversity in early-successional meadows","volume":"16","author":"AN Nebhut","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invasive plant sci manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358231.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-010-9864-y","article-title":"The role of horticulture in plant invasions: how grafting in cultivars of Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana) can facilitate spread into natural areas","volume":"13","author":"TM Culley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Invasions"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2179\/0008-7475.84.1.47","article-title":"Seed Germination and Seedling Survival of Invasive Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana Decne.) 11 Years After Fruit Collection","volume":"84","author":"TH Serota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Castanea"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0358231.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042186","article-title":"Transcriptome and Metabolite Conjoint Analysis Reveals the Seed Dormancy Release Process in Callery Pear","volume":"23","author":"J Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvab136","article-title":"Into the Wild: Evidence for the Enemy Release Hypothesis in the Invasive Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana) (Rosales: Rosaceae)","volume":"51","author":"JA Hartshorn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Entomol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0358231.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3159\/TORREY-D-22-00008.1","article-title":"Leaf phenology and freeze tolerance of the invasive tree Pyrus calleryana (Roseaceae) and potential native competitors1","volume":"149","author":"ME Maloney","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-8703.2004.00120.x","article-title":"Host tree resistance against the polyphagous","volume":"110","author":"W Morewood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref022","unstructured":"Warrix AR, Myers AL, Marshall JM. Estimating invading Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana) age and flowering probability in an Indiana managed prairie. In: Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. 2017."},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref023","article-title":"Efficacy of herbicides and application methods for management of midstory Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana)","volume":"19","author":"EM Poole","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invasive plant sci manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0358231.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1017\/inp.2020.36","article-title":"Efficacy of five herbicide treatments for control ofPyrus calleryana","volume":"13","author":"JT Vogt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invasive plant sci manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3368\/er.41.1.25","article-title":"A Trial of Fire and Ice: Assessment of Control Techniques forPyrus calleryanaInvasion of Grasslands in Southwestern Ohio, USA","volume":"41","author":"ME Maloney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecological Rest"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1017\/inp.2018.4","article-title":"Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana) Response to Fire in a Managed Prairie Ecosystem","volume":"11","author":"AR Warrix","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invasive plant sci manag"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref027","unstructured":"Hay AE. Leaf phenology and freeze tolerance of the invasive tree Pyrus calleryana (Rosaceae) and potential native competitors. 2021."},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref028","volume-title":"Foundations of invasion genetics: the Baker and Stebbins legacy","author":"SC Barrett","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13987","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17937-y","article-title":"Genomic data is missing for many highly invasive species, restricting our preparedness for escalating incursion rates","volume":"12","author":"P Matheson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0358231.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-013-0489-4","article-title":"Population genetic structure in a threatened tree, Pyrus calleryana var. dimorphophylla revealed by chloroplast DNA and nuclear SSR locus polymorphisms","volume":"14","author":"S Kato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conserv Genet"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2012.06.027","article-title":"Genetic diversity and population structure of Pyrus calleryana (Rosaceae) in Zhejiang province, China","volume":"45","author":"J Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochemical Systematics and Ecology"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref032","author":"K Dunn","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358231.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s12686-011-9526-0","article-title":"Development and characterization of sixteen microsatellite loci for Geosmithia morbida, the causal agent of thousand canker disease in black walnut (Juglans nigra)","volume":"4","author":"D Hadziabdic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Conserv Genet Resour"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.281","article-title":"Poppr: an R package for genetic analysis of populations with clonal, partially clonal, and\/or sexual reproduction","volume":"2","author":"ZN Kamvar","year":"2014","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38532-8","article-title":"Taraxacum kok-saghyz (rubber dandelion) genomic microsatellite loci reveal modest genetic diversity and cross-amplify broadly to related species","volume":"9","author":"M Nowicki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-5516-5","article-title":"Patterns of microsatellite distribution across eukaryotic genomes","volume":"20","author":"S Srivastava","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358231.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4685-GMB-2016-0027","article-title":"Microsatellite markers: what they mean and why they are so useful","volume":"39","author":"MLC Vieira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genetics and Molecular Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13940","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64509-3","article-title":"Insights into structure, codon usage, repeats, and RNA editing of the complete mitochondrial genome of Perilla frutescens (Lamiaceae)","volume":"14","author":"R Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santamour F, Demuth P. Identification of Callery pear cultivars by peroxidase isozyme patterns. 1981.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109412"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-016-1277-0","article-title":"Invasion genetics of Senecio vulgaris: loss of genetic diversity characterizes the invasion of a selfing annual, despite multiple introductions","volume":"19","author":"B-R Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Invasions"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-033009-095548","article-title":"Invasive Species, Environmental Change and Management, and Health","volume":"35","author":"P Py\u0161ek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Environ Resour"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh458","article-title":"VISTA: computational tools for comparative genomics","volume":"32","author":"KA Frazer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref043","unstructured":"Pokhrel A. Assessment of genetic diversity of the invasive Callery pear, Pyrus calleryana Decne. using mitochondrial microsatellites and its molecular detection using LAMP. 2024."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0358231.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112963","article-title":"Pilon: an integrated tool for comprehensive microbial variant detection and genome assembly improvement","volume":"9","author":"BJ Walker","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx391","article-title":"GeSeq\u2013versatile and accurate annotation of organelle genomes","volume":"45","author":"M Tillich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic acids research"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0358231.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkf436","article-title":"MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform","volume":"30","author":"K Katoh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358231.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msp259","article-title":"SeaView version 4: A multiplatform graphical user interface for sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree building","volume":"27","author":"M Gouy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref048","unstructured":"Stieneke D, Eujayl I. Imperfect SSR Finder: Agricultural Research Service - USDA; 2007. Available from: https:\/\/catalog.data.gov\/dataset\/imperfect-ssr-finder"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2006.01560.x","article-title":"Automated binning of microsatellite alleles: problems and solutions","volume":"7","author":"W Amos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology Notes"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref050","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"Team RC","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2004.00828.x","article-title":"Hierfstat, a package for R to compute and test hierarchical F\u2010statistics","volume":"5","author":"J Goudet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology Notes"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0358231.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb00917.x","article-title":"A Mathematical Theory of Communication","volume":"27","author":"CE Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell System Technical Journal"},{"issue":"4148","key":"pone.0358231.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/163688a0","article-title":"Measurement of Diversity","volume":"163","author":"EH Simpson","year":"1949","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0358231.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts460","article-title":"GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research--an update","volume":"28","author":"R Peakall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358231.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.2.945","article-title":"Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data","volume":"155","author":"JK Pritchard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12509","article-title":"pophelper: an R package and web app to analyse and visualize population structure","volume":"17","author":"R Francis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecular ecology resources"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0358231.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x","article-title":"Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study","volume":"14","author":"G Evanno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0358231.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn129","article-title":"adegenet: a R package for the multivariate analysis of genetic markers","volume":"24","author":"T Jombart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358231.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/89.3.583","article-title":"Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals","volume":"89","author":"M Nei","year":"1978","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref060","volume-title":"FigTree v1.4.4","author":"A Rambaut","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01989","article-title":"Phylogeography study of the Siberian apricot (Prunus sibirica L.) in Northern China assessed by chloroplast microsatellite and DNA makers","volume":"8","author":"Z Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Plant Science"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s001220000524","article-title":"SSRs isolated from apple can identify polymorphism and genetic diversity in pear","volume":"102","author":"T Yamamoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Theor Appl Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015677505602","article-title":"Simple sequence repeats for genetic analysis in pear","volume":"124","author":"T Yamamoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.2478\/sg-2018-0018","article-title":"Development and characterization of chloroplast simple sequence repeat markers for Prunus taxa (eleven Japanese native taxa and two foreign taxa)","volume":"67","author":"S Kato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Silvae Genetica"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68092-1","article-title":"Molecular markers from the chloroplast genome of rose provide a complementary tool for variety discrimination and profiling","volume":"10","author":"C Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358231.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4177","DOI":"10.4238\/2015.April.27.33","article-title":"Genetic diversity and differentiation in Prunus species (Rosaceae) using chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA CAPS markers","volume":"14","author":"S Ben Mustapha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genet Mol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358231.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s13353-022-00699-8","article-title":"Chloroplast genome of the invasive Pyrus calleryana underscores the high molecular diversity of the species","volume":"63","author":"M Nowicki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04275-8","article-title":"Automating microsatellite screening and primer design from multi-individual libraries using Micro-Primers","volume":"12","author":"F Alves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116851","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1116851","article-title":"Plant mitochondrial introns as genetic markers - conservation and variation","volume":"14","author":"MR Grosser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0358231.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15800","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8250","article-title":"Waste not, want not: Microsatellites remain an economical and informative technology for conservation genetics","volume":"11","author":"SS Hauser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0358231.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205407","article-title":"Haplotyping of Cornus florida and C. kousa chloroplasts: Insights into species-level differences and patterns of plastic DNA variation in cultivars","volume":"13","author":"M Nowicki","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0358231.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6949","DOI":"10.3390\/su11246949","article-title":"Differential Allelic Richness between Malus sylvestris L. and Malus \u00d7 domestica Borkh. from Finland as a Measure of Genetic Loss","volume":"11","author":"L Bitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0358231.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096596","article-title":"Wild European apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) population dynamics: insight from genetics and ecology in the Rhine Valley. Priorities for a future conservation programme","volume":"9","author":"A Schnitzler","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00638","article-title":"Genetic Structure of a Worldwide Germplasm Collection of Prunus armeniaca L. Reveals Three Major Diffusion Routes for Varieties Coming From the Species\u2019 Center of Origin","volume":"11","author":"H Bourguiba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358231.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aps3.11521","article-title":"Optimizing efficient PCR\u2010amplifiable DNA extraction from herbarium specimens","volume":"11","author":"FE Gouker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Plant Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3732\/apps.1200236","article-title":"Enhancing PCR amplification of DNA from recalcitrant plant specimens using a trehalose-based additive","volume":"1","author":"T Samarakoon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Plant Sci"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref077","first-page":"1","article-title":"The coming plague of pears","volume":"5","author":"B Stewart","year":"1999","journal-title":"Green Industry News"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0358231.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800622","article-title":"Gene flow among established Puerto Rican populations of the exotic tree species, Albizia lebbeck","volume":"94","author":"BK Dunphy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heredity (Edinb)"},{"key":"pone.0358231.ref079","unstructured":"Callery pear. https:\/\/www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov\/terrestrial\/plants\/callery-pear. 2026."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358231.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04496-x","article-title":"A diagnostic LAMP assay for rapid identification of an invasive plant pest, fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","volume":"12","author":"A Agarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358231","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T17:23:29Z","timestamp":1789665809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358231"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rongchun","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui University of Chinese Medicine","place":["CHINA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358231","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]}}}