{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:04:48Z","timestamp":1789495488610,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Taxonomic assignments based only on morphology are often insufficient for delimiting species, particularly in complexes shaped by hybridization and polyploidy, where species boundaries are unclear. This limitation hinders progress in ecological, biogeographic and conservation research. The genus\n                    <jats:italic>Romulea<\/jats:italic>\n                    , distributed across Africa and the Mediterranean Basin, exemplifies this challenge. Despite its remarkable diversity, Mediterranean\n                    <jats:italic>Romulea<\/jats:italic>\n                    has not received much attention from genetic and molecular studies. Here, we present the first multilocus genotype analysis of Mediterranean\n                    <jats:italic>Romulea<\/jats:italic>\n                    taxa, focusing on the Tyrrhenian biogeographic province. Using target-capture sequencing with the universal Angiosperms353 kit, we generated genomic data for 272 individuals representing 18 putative taxa. Our findings reveal genetic groups that align with current taxonomy, the existence of cryptic divergence, and highlight the role of hybridization. Furthermore, analysis of intra-individual genetic diversity suggests one or several allopolyploid origins for Mediterranean\n                    <jats:italic>Romulea<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Four taxa (\n                    <jats:italic>R. assumptionis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>R. revelieri<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>R. ligustica<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>R. rollii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) are consistently well differentiated across nuclear and plastid datasets, supporting their recognition as distinct species. In contrast, the widespread species\n                    <jats:italic>R. ramiflora<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>R. columnae<\/jats:italic>\n                    contain well-differentiated groups that may represent cryptic speciation. Several other taxa, including\n                    <jats:italic>R.<\/jats:italic>\n                    x\n                    <jats:italic>melitensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>R. corsica<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>R. bulbocodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , exhibit genomic signatures consistent with hybrid origins. Plastid and nuclear variation patterns are consistent with a hypothesis of rapid radiation in the Tyrrhenian region. These results provide a primary genomic framework for the integrative taxonomy of\n                    <jats:italic>Romulea<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T17:33:26Z","timestamp":1789493606000},"page":"e0358245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular identification and diversity assessment of Tyrrhenian Romulea species (Iridaceae)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4245-197X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alex","family":"Baumel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, Avignon Universit\u00e9, CNRS, IRD, IMBE","place":["Marseille, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4430-4060","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Virgile","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservatoire Botanique National M\u00e9diterran\u00e9en","place":["Hy\u00e8res, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyll\u00e8ne","family":"Chatellier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, Avignon Universit\u00e9, CNRS, IRD, IMBE","place":["Marseille, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Viruel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior de Huesca. Universidad de Zaragoza","place":["Huesca, Spain"]},{"name":"Instituto de Biocomputaci\u00f3n y F\u00edsica de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza","place":["Zaragoza, Spain"]},{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew","place":["Richmond, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0319-300X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen","family":"Mifsud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EcoGozo Directorate, Ministry for Gozo and Planning","place":["Victoria, Gozo, Malta"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henri","family":"Michaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservatoire Botanique National M\u00e9diterran\u00e9en","place":["Hy\u00e8res, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Delage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservatoire Botanique National de Corse","place":["Corte, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisandru","family":"Leandri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservatoire Botanique National de Corse","place":["Corte, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Lallai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cagliari","place":["Cagliari, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Iiriti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cagliari","place":["Cagliari, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianniantonio","family":"Domina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Palermo","place":["Palermo, Italy"],"department":["Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Casazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Genova","place":["Genova, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5837-3999","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pere","family":"Fraga-Arguimbau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Menorqu\u00ed d\u2019Estudis, Ma\u00f3","place":["Minorca, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5907-8255","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Baptiste","family":"Pierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR AGAP Institute, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro Montpellier","place":["Montpellier, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anouar","family":"Toumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, Avignon Universit\u00e9, CNRS, IRD, IMBE","place":["Marseille, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"M\u00e9dail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, Avignon Universit\u00e9, CNRS, IRD, IMBE","place":["Marseille, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358245.ref001","article-title":"Macroecological links between the Linnean, Wallacean, and Darwinian shortfalls","volume":"15","author":"JAF Diniz Filho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Biogeogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358245.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/07352689.2018.1471565","article-title":"Plant species complexes as models to understand speciation and evolution: a review of South American studies","volume":"37","author":"F Pinheiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Rev Plant Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0358245.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1002\/tax.13073","article-title":"Phenotypic correlates of genetic divergence suggest at least three species in the complex of Dianthus virgineus (Caryophyllaceae)","volume":"72","author":"D Gargano","year":"2023","journal-title":"TAXON"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0358245.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14715","article-title":"A genomic evaluation of taxonomic trends through time in coast horned lizards (genus Phrynosoma)","volume":"27","author":"AD Leach\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358245.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcaf086","article-title":"Homoploid hybrid speciation and recurrent hybridization along the northwestern Iberian mountain chains","volume":"136","author":"D Criado-Ruiz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Bot"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0358245.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-025-02073-y","article-title":"Genomic data define species delimitation in Liberica coffee with implications for crop development and conservation","volume":"11","author":"AP Davis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Plants"},{"key":"pone.0358245.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.7320\/FlMedit24.005","article-title":"An overview of in situ conservation of plant species in the Mediterranean","volume":"24","author":"VH Heywood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fl Medit"},{"key":"pone.0358245.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2018.05.028","article-title":"Using phylogeography to define conservation priorities: the case of narrow endemic plants in the Mediterranean Basin hotspot","volume":"224","author":"F M\u00e9dail","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"pone.0358245.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5209\/mbot.71333","article-title":"Plant conservation in Mediterranean-type ecosystems","volume":"42","author":"E Salmer\u00f3n-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediterr Bot"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358245.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/d14020078","article-title":"Conservation and phylogeography of plants: from the Mediterranean to the Rest of the World","volume":"14","author":"J Bobo-Pinilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"key":"pone.0358245.ref011","first-page":"59","article-title":"A synoptic review of Romulea (Iridaceae: Crocoideae) in sub-Saharan Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra including new species, biological notes, and a new infrageneric classification","author":"JC Manning","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adansonia"},{"key":"pone.0358245.ref012","first-page":"322","article-title":"Diagnoses of new or less known Romulea species.","volume-title":"Botanische Jahrb\u00fccher f\u00fcr Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie","author":"A. 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