{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:10:15Z","timestamp":1789150215123,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This retrospective cross-sectional study examined whether the Functional Acuity Score (FAS), an administrative impairment measure calculated from routine visual acuity data, was associated with reading performance in individuals undergoing formal visual disability evaluation. Thirty-one participants applying for visual disability certification at a tertiary eye hospital in Japan underwent Goldmann perimetry and MNREAD-J testing within 12 months. FAS, the Functional Field Score (FFS), and the Functional Vision Score (FVS) were calculated according to the AMA Guides. Their associations with reading outcomes, including critical print size (CPS) and the reading accessibility index (ACC), were assessed using correlation and multivariable regression analyses. FAS was strongly correlated with better-eye visual acuity (rho\u2009=\u20090.963) and showed the strongest associations with reading performance among the impairment measures. It was associated with CPS (rho\u2009= \u22120.82) and ACC (rho\u2009=\u20090.69) and remained associated with both outcomes in adjusted regression models, with R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    values of up to 0.76 after FAS was included. Field-based measures showed weak or inconsistent associations with reading parameters. The cohort consisted mainly of patients with glaucoma and other non-macular conditions (27\/31, 87.1%). In this predominantly non-macular disability-evaluation cohort, FAS may provide an estimate of resolution-dependent reading performance when direct assessment is not available. However, only 4 of 31 participants had macular disease, and whether these findings apply to patients with macular pathology remains unclear.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:40:42Z","timestamp":1789148442000},"page":"e0358323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional acuity score as a surrogate of reading performance in low vision: A Japanese disability evaluation cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6506-990X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mieko","family":"Tsuruoka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inouye Eye Hospital","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inouye Eye Hospital","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0358323.ref001","volume-title":"International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2001"},{"key":"pone.0358323.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ics.2005.05.003","article-title":"Reading acuity\u2014an important parameter of reading performance","volume":"1282","author":"A Colenbrander","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Congr Ser"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0358323.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.02.030","article-title":"Characterizing functional complaints in patients seeking outpatient low-vision services in the United States","volume":"121","author":"JC Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0358323.ref004","volume-title":"Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment","author":"American Medical Association","year":"2008","edition":"6"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0358323.ref005","first-page":"725","article-title":"Psychophysics of reading. XX. Linking letter recognition to reading speed in central and peripheral vision","volume":"41","author":"GE Legge","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0358323.ref006","first-page":"1492","article-title":"Psychophysics of reading. XV: Font effects in normal and low vision","volume":"37","author":"JS Mansfield","year":"1996","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"pone.0358323.ref007","unstructured":"Oda K, Mansfield JS, Legge GE. MNREAD-J: new reading acuity charts for prescribing low-vision aids. In: Proceedings of the 7th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association of Rehabilitation for Visual Impairment. 1996. p. 157\u201360."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0358323.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.6097","article-title":"Development of a Reading Accessibility Index Using the MNREAD Acuity Chart","volume":"134","author":"A Calabr\u00e8se","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0358323.ref009","first-page":"677","article-title":"Psychophysics of reading: clinical predictors of low-vision reading speed","volume":"33","author":"GE Legge","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358323.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/18.1.8","article-title":"Comparing performance on the MNREAD iPad application with the MNREAD acuity chart","volume":"18","author":"A Calabr\u00e8se","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0358323.ref011","first-page":"925","article-title":"Comparison between binocular and monocular reading ability and its relation with central visual field sensitivity in glaucoma patients","volume":"117","author":"M Ishii","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"pone.0358323.ref012","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Final Report on the Revision of the Standards for Visual Disability Certification. Tokyo, Japan: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; 2017 [cited 2026 Feb 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/file\/05-Shingikai-12201000-Shakaiengokyokushougaihokenfukushibu-Kikakuka\/0000166482.pdf (in Japanese)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358323.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2004.00266.x","article-title":"Intra- and interrater agreement and reliability of the Functional Field Score","volume":"25","author":"M Langelaan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0358323.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216775","article-title":"Scoring reading parameters: An inter-rater reliability study using the MNREAD chart","volume":"14","author":"K Baskaran","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0358323.ref015","volume-title":"Psychophysics of Reading in Normal and Low Vision","author":"GE Legge","year":"2007"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0358323.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00072-8","article-title":"Psychophysics of reading. 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The effect of print size on reading speed in normal peripheral vision","volume":"38","author":"ST Chung","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0358323.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001672","article-title":"Topical Review: Assessment of Binocular Sensory Processes in Low Vision","volume":"98","author":"J Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0358323.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.13.6","article-title":"A Unified Rule for Binocular Contrast Summation Applies to Normal Vision and Common Eye Diseases","volume":"62","author":"Y-Z Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358323.ref019","first-page":"64","article-title":"The association of multiple visual impairments with self-reported visual disability: SEE project","volume":"42","author":"GS Rubin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0358323.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4798","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24716","article-title":"Reading Acuity as a Predictor of Low-Vision Reading Performance","volume":"59","author":"Y-Z Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0358323.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100532","article-title":"Special Commentary: My Perspective on Vision and Vision Rehabilitation","volume":"4","author":"A Colenbrander","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0358323.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-013-0259-3","article-title":"Reading performance in patients with glaucoma evaluated using the MNREAD charts","volume":"57","author":"M Ishii","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0358323.ref023","first-page":"914","article-title":"Reading performance in patients with central visual field disturbance due to glaucoma","volume":"110","author":"K Fujita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0358323.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.13.23","article-title":"Assessing Functional Disability in Glaucoma: The Relative Importance of Central Versus Far Peripheral Visual Fields","volume":"61","author":"JL Odden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0358323.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2004.00213.x","article-title":"Fixation stability and reading speed in patients with newly developed macular disease","volume":"24","author":"MD Crossland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0358323.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2187","article-title":"The uncrowded window of object recognition","volume":"11","author":"DG Pelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"25","key":"pone.0358323.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.08.017","article-title":"Learning to identify crowded letters: does it improve reading speed?","volume":"47","author":"STL Chung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358323.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(89)90175-2","article-title":"Psychophysics of reading. 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Ketchum University","place":["UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358323","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]}}}