{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:55:52Z","timestamp":1791395752506,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State of Arizona Technology and Research Initiative Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Spotted bats (\n                    <jats:italic>Euderma maculatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) are cryptic (nocturnal, volant, and roost solitarily) and thus their biology remains largely undescribed. Only 35 specimens were known to science before the mid-1960s. Hence, they are ideal candidates for genetic studies to uncover population genetic diversity and structure, and thereby inform conservation. We analyzed nuclear microsatellite loci (N\u2009=\u200917) and mitochondrial control region sequences from 121 individuals spanning ancient (up to 2,100 years BP), historical (1904\u20131991), and contemporary (1994\u20132025) timeframes across the species\u2019 range in western North America, from Canada to Mexico. Ancient specimens shared haplotypes with modern individuals from the same locality, suggesting long-term population continuity. Microsatellite data revealed isolation-by-distance and a weak genetic cline from the genetically diverse U.S. Southwest core population into the less diverse northern range, consistent with male-biased dispersal and post-Pleistocene range expansion. Mitochondrial data showed stronger regional structure, with distinct haplogroups in the north, central, and southern populations. At a rare cave aggregation, analyses of fine\u2011scale relatedness identified father\u2013son pairs and a male\u2011biased sex ratio, suggesting swarming behavior. Our integrative approach across temporal scales highlights the conservation importance of preserving genetically diverse core populations, vulnerable leading-edge populations, and isolated relict lineages.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:21:26Z","timestamp":1791393686000},"page":"e0358330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Conservation genetics of the spotted bat: Insights from ancient, historical, and modern samples"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8435-4452","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Faith M.","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Arizona University","place":["Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America"],"department":["School of Forestry"]},{"name":"Northern Arizona University","place":["Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America"],"department":["Pathogen and Microbiome Institute"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Arizona University","place":["Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America"],"department":["School of Forestry"]},{"name":"Northern Arizona University","place":["Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America"],"department":["Pathogen and Microbiome Institute"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Campana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute","place":["Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America"],"department":["Center for Conservation Genomics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Fleischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute","place":["Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America"],"department":["Center for Conservation Genomics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8235-8564","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeffrey T.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Arizona University","place":["Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America"],"department":["Pathogen and Microbiome Institute"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin J.","family":"Sobek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Arizona University","place":["Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America"],"department":["School of Forestry"]},{"name":"Northern Arizona University","place":["Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America"],"department":["Pathogen and Microbiome Institute"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cori L.","family":"Lausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Society Canada","place":["Kaslo, British Columbia, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol L.","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Arizona University","place":["Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America"],"department":["School of Forestry"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0358330.ref001","volume-title":"Biological conservation","author":"D Ehrenfeld","year":"1970"},{"key":"pone.0358330.ref002","volume-title":"Conservation biology, an evolutionary-ecological perspective","author":"M Soul\u00e9","year":"1980"},{"key":"pone.0358330.ref003","volume-title":"Genetics and conservation, a reference for managing wild 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