{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:58:44Z","timestamp":1790618324534,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial metabolic disease in which inflammatory mechanisms are involved in disease development and progression. Polymorphisms in cytokine-related genes may influence susceptibility to T2DM, yet evidence in Vietnamese individuals remains scarce. This study was designed to investigate whether\n                      <jats:italic>IL16<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs11556218 and\n                      <jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs16944 are associated with T2DM in Kinh Vietnamese adults.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An analytical cross-sectional unmatched case-control study was conducted in 392 unrelated Kinh Vietnamese individuals, including 196 patients with T2DM and 196 non-diabetic controls, recruited at Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, between February and August 2025. Peripheral blood samples were collected for genomic DNA extraction. Genotyping of\n                      <jats:italic>IL16<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs11556218 and\n                      <jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs16944 was performed using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was assessed in the control group. Associations between the investigated polymorphisms and T2DM were analyzed under codominant, dominant, recessive, and log-additive models, with adjustment for body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and family history of diabetes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both polymorphisms satisfied the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the control group. For\n                      <jats:italic>IL16<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs11556218, significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies were observed between patients and controls, and the G allele showed a nominal association with lower odds of T2DM. After adjustment for BMI, WHR, and family history of diabetes, the TG genotype showed a nominal association with lower odds of T2DM in the codominant model (adjusted OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.32\u20130.98; nominal P\u2009=\u20090.026). Nominal associations were also observed in the dominant model (adjusted OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.30\u20130.89; nominal P\u2009=\u20090.016) and the log-additive model (adjusted OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.32\u20130.85; nominal P\u2009=\u20090.0081). For\n                      <jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs16944, genotype distribution likewise differed between the two groups. Under the recessive model, the CC genotype showed a nominal association with higher odds of T2DM after adjustment (adjusted OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.20\u20133.79; nominal P\u2009=\u20090.0089). None of these associations met the Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of P\u2009&lt;\u20090.00625. Compared with controls, participants with T2DM had higher BMI and WHR, higher triglyceride levels, lower HDL cholesterol, higher fasting plasma glucose and blood pressure, and more commonly reported a family history of diabetes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>IL16<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs11556218 and\n                      <jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs16944 showed nominal associations with T2DM in this sample of Kinh Vietnamese adults, although none remained statistically significant after Bonferroni correction. These exploratory findings require confirmation in larger independent studies before any firm conclusions regarding their biological or clinical relevance can be drawn.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:34:39Z","timestamp":1790616879000},"page":"e0358570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of IL16 rs11556218 and IL1B rs16944 polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes in the Kinh Vietnamese population"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Quynh Ai","family":"Lam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City","place":["Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"],"department":["Department of Physiology-Pathophysiology-Immunology-Pharmacology"]},{"name":"Cho Ray Hospital","place":["Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"],"department":["Department of Endocrinology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hen Huu","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cho Ray Hospital","place":["Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"],"department":["Department of Endocrinology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linh Hoang Gia","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City","place":["Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"],"department":["Center for Molecular Biomedicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9997-6390","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minh Duc","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City","place":["Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"],"department":["Center for Molecular Biomedicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0358570.ref001","volume-title":"IDF diabetes atlas","author":"DJ Magliano","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358570.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03317-8","article-title":"Genetic basis of early onset and progression of type 2 diabetes in South Asians","volume":"31","author":"S Hodgson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358570.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-02015-w","article-title":"Lean type 2 diabetes: The overlooked epidemic reshaping global health","volume":"17","author":"V Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358570.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2337\/dci24-0046","article-title":"Lessons learned from epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in South Asians: Kelly west award lecture 2024","volume":"48","author":"V Mohan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358570.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12098","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes in East Asians: Similarities and differences with populations in Europe and the United States","volume":"1281","author":"RCW Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"pone.0358570.ref006","article-title":"Genetic determinants of type 2 diabetes in Asians","volume":"2015","author":"Q Qi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Diabetol Vasc Dis Res"},{"issue":"7811","key":"pone.0358570.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2263-3","article-title":"Identification of type 2 diabetes loci in 433,540 East Asian individuals","volume":"582","author":"CN Spracklen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0358570.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.14149","article-title":"Perspectives on genetic studies of type\u20092 diabetes from the genome-wide association studies era to precision medicine","volume":"15","author":"M Imamura","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"pone.0358570.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S347830","article-title":"Association of ADIPOQ single-nucleotide polymorphisms with the two clinical phenotypes type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome in a Kinh Vietnamese population","volume":"15","author":"S Truong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0358570.ref010","article-title":"Genome-wide association and polygenic risk score estimation of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Kinh Vietnamese-A pilot study","volume":"28","author":"TP Mai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"issue":"46","key":"pone.0358570.ref011","article-title":"Association of KCNJ11 and ABCC8 single-nucleotide polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Kinh Vietnamese population","volume":"101","author":"NQ Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0358570.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000047338","article-title":"Unraveling the connection: Inflammatory markers and diabetes mellitus pathogenesis","volume":"105","author":"EI Obeagu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358570.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2018.33.1","article-title":"The role of inflammation in diabetes: Current concepts and future perspectives","volume":"14","author":"S Tsalamandris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Cardiol"},{"key":"pone.0358570.ref014","article-title":"New Insights into the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes: A review article","volume":"17","author":"VSJ Vybhavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0358570.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15151906","article-title":"Role of interleukins in type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"R Asif","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0358570.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20190821","article-title":"Association of IL-16 gene polymorphisms with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Chinese Han population","volume":"39","author":"F Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0358570.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901616","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.901616","article-title":"The role of interleukin-1\u03b2 in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"H Alfadul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358570.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-021-00795-2","article-title":"Association of IL-16 rs11556218 T\/G polymorphism with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"DG Mohammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"pone.0358570.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901616","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.901616","article-title":"The role of interleukin-1\u03b2 in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"H Alfadul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"pone.0358570.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12384","article-title":"Association between IL-1B (-511)\/IL-1RN (VNTR) polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"J Jiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358570.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2020.1860085","article-title":"Association between interleukin-1\u03b2 polymorphism at Rs16944 and glucose metabolism: A cohort study","volume":"51","author":"X Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0358570.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5343","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26667","article-title":"Biochemical and molecular study on interleukin-1\u03b2 gene expression and relation of single nucleotide polymorphism in promoter region with Type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"119","author":"SI Tayel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"43","key":"pone.0358570.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000045029","article-title":"Association of IL-1\u03b2 rs16944 polymorphisms and the subsequent level of IL-1\u03b2 in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Case-control study","volume":"104","author":"HM Khdaer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"pone.0358570.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524026","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1524026","article-title":"Role of interleukin-16 in human diseases: A novel potential therapeutic target","volume":"16","author":"TB Niewold","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0358570.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346317","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1346317","article-title":"Interleukin-16 is increased in obesity and alters adipogenesis and inflammation in vitro","volume":"15","author":"M Reyes-Farias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"pone.0358570.ref026","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: Standards of care in diabetes\u20142025","volume":"48","author":"AD Committee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358570.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/19.1.149","article-title":"Genetic power calculator: Design of linkage and association genetic mapping studies of complex traits","volume":"19","author":"S Purcell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358570.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.1.308","article-title":"dbSNP: The NCBI database of genetic variation","volume":"29","author":"ST Sherry","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0358570.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/ahg.12197","article-title":"The Role of TLR4, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 in Type 2 diabetes mellitus development within a North Indian population","volume":"81","author":"NE Doody","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"key":"pone.0358570.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S499605","article-title":"Interplay between insulin resistance and immune dysregulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Implications for therapeutic interventions","volume":"14","author":"A Berbudi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunotargets Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358570.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lddd.2025.100023","article-title":"An update on the role of inflammation in insulin resistance and islet \u03b2 cell failure - A crosstalk between immune cells, adipose tissue, cytokines, and oxidative stress","volume":"22","author":"K Venkatesan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lett Drug Design Dscovery"},{"key":"pone.0358570.ref032","volume-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of inflammatory cytokines in insulin resistance diabetes mellitus","author":"H Bashir","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358570.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9985","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66751-x","article-title":"Relationship between the IL-1\u03b2 serum concentration, mRNA levels and rs16944 genotype in the hyperglycemic normalization of T2D patients","volume":"10","author":"AE Iglesias Molli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358570","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:34:45Z","timestamp":1790616885000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358570"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Milad","family":"Khorasani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences","place":["IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358570","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]}}}