{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:09:23Z","timestamp":1790014163797,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baicalein (BA) is a flavonoid with significant pharmacological and antioxidant activities; however, its poor aqueous solubility and high crystallinity limit its dissolution and oral bioavailability. Liquisolid compact technology represents a promising approach for improving the dissolution behavior of poorly soluble drugs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to develop a sustainable liquisolid compact formulation of BA using extracted fish viscera oil as a non-volatile solvent and to evaluate its physicochemical characteristics, dissolution behavior, and antioxidant activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fish oil was extracted from salmon viscera and used as a liquid vehicle for preparing BA liquisolid compacts using corn starch as a carrier and talc as a coating material. The prepared formulation was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) to evaluate drug\u2013excipient interactions and changes in crystallinity. In vitro dissolution studies were conducted using USP apparatus II in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay in a 96-well microplate reader.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FTIR analysis confirmed the absence of chemical incompatibilities between BA and the formulation components. DSC and PXRD analyses demonstrated a significant reduction in the crystalline nature of BA, indicating its transformation into an amorphous or molecularly dispersed state within the liquisolid compact. The liquisolid compact showed a marked improvement in drug dissolution compared with pure baicalein and the physical mixture. Furthermore, the fish oil\u2013BA formulation exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity compared with BA alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The developed fish oil\u2013based liquisolid compact system significantly improved the dissolution and antioxidant performance of BA. In addition, the use of fish viscera oil provides a sustainable formulation approach by repurposing marine waste into a functional pharmaceutical excipient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:32:58Z","timestamp":1790011978000},"page":"e0358580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sustainable liquisolid compact system using fish viscera oil for enhanced dissolution and antioxidant activity of Baicalein"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9025-6752","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruba","family":"Malkawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jadara University","place":["Irbid, Jordan"],"department":["Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0358580.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.18231\/j.ijpca.2020.027","article-title":"Solubility: An Overview","volume":"7","author":"N Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0358580.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16040570","article-title":"Baicalin-Current Trends in Detection Methods and Health-Promoting Properties","volume":"16","author":"A Bajek-Bil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0358580.ref003","first-page":"1","article-title":"Baicalin, a natural antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agent","volume":"27","author":"AM Ozma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Herb Med"},{"key":"pone.0358580.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-019-00970-2","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of baicalein\/hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin inclusion complex for enhancement of solubility, antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity using supercritical antisolvent technology","volume":"96","author":"T Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Incl Phenom Macrocycl Chem"},{"key":"pone.0358580.ref005","first-page":"1","article-title":"The fascinating effects of baicalein on cancer: A review","volume":"17","author":"H Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0358580.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112828","article-title":"Chemical characterization of extracts of leaves of Kadsua coccinea (Lem.) 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