{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:00:23Z","timestamp":1790622023189,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel quad-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with enhanced isolation is proposed by incorporating a specifically designed hybrid defected ground structure (DGS) for dual band 5G mmWave wireless applications. This suggested MIMO antenna system features a distinctive DGS, consisting of a central circular slot combined with four surrounding trapezoidal cut-outs at the base of the ground plane for enhanced isolation and comprises four identical elliptical monopole elements. Initially, a four-element MIMO system is developed to achieve optimal performance. Subsequently, the conFigd hybrid DGS is included in the proposed structure to improve the isolation by effectively analyzing the impact of alterations in the various geometrical parameters of the DGS. The designed MIMO radiator resonates at 26.73\/38.29 GHz and operates from 26.39 to 27.04 GHz and from 38.11 to 38.47 GHz, achieving gains of 4.80 dBi and 7.61 dBi at 26.73 GHz and 38.29 GHz, respectively, maintaining a compact size of 21 mm\u2009\u00d7\u200921 mm (1.849 \u03bb\u2009\u00d7\u20091.849 \u03bb). The designed four-port MIMO radiator demonstrates exceptional performance in terms of various impedance, radiation and diversity metrics. The design and simulation studies are conducted using the CST simulation tool. Finally, the intended antenna has been prototyped and experimentally tested, confirming the correctness of the simulation analysis. The proposed antenna partially operates within 5G NR mmWave n258\/n260 bands and is suitable for 5G Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:57:59Z","timestamp":1790618279000},"page":"e0358640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A flower-shaped dual-band four port MIMO antenna with novel DGS for 5G mmWave applications"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Bendaoued","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LMIET FST of Settat, University of Hassan","place":["Settat, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anouar","family":"Es-saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Sciences and Technology Innovation Laboratory, Higher School of Technology of Nador, Mohammed First University","place":["Oujda, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3913-2441","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Soufian","family":"Lakrit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Sciences and Technology Innovation Laboratory, Higher School of Technology of Nador, Mohammed First University","place":["Oujda, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4555-7438","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sudipta","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPS College of Engineering & Technology","place":["Malda, West Bengal, India"],"department":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9544-9753","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdelhamid","family":"Bou-El-Harmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Innovative Technologies and Computer Science, Higher School of Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University","place":["Fez, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1608-2376","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manish","family":"Varun Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education","place":["Manipal, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boddapati Traka Phani","family":"Madhav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation","place":["Guntur, Andra Pradesh, India"],"department":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba G.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"department":["Department of Electrical Engineering"]},{"name":"College of Engineering, Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology","place":["Alexandria, Egypt"],"department":["Electrical Department"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0358640.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321602","article-title":"A simple technique to improve performance of four-port wideband MIMO antenna using shorting pins","volume":"20","author":"A Tran-Tuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0358640.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1017\/S1759078721001100","article-title":"Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and fifth generation (5G): An indispensable technology for sub-6 GHz and millimeter wave future generation mobile terminal applications","volume":"14","author":"I Ishteyaq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Microw Wireless Technol"},{"key":"pone.0358640.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziemer RE. An Overview of Millimeter Wave Communications. In: 14th European Microwave Conference, IEEE, 1984. p. 3\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/euma.1984.333326","DOI":"10.1109\/EUMA.1984.333326"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0358640.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2014.2334278","article-title":"Channel estimation and hybrid precoding for millimeter wave cellular systems","volume":"8","author":"A Alkhateeb","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Top Signal Process"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358640.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2299397","article-title":"Millimeter-wave cellular wireless networks: potentials and challenges","volume":"102","author":"S Rangan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358640.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0341823","article-title":"Eight-Port millimeter wave MIMO antenna loaded with novel frequency selective surface for higher data rate transmission","volume":"21","author":"M Soman","year":"2026","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0358640.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6329","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146329","article-title":"Advances in MIMO antenna design for 5G: A comprehensive review","volume":"23","author":"T Raj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0358640.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2022.154294","article-title":"A compact four-band high-isolation quad-port MIMO antenna for 5G and WLAN applications","volume":"153","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"AEU - Int J Electronics Commun"},{"key":"pone.0358640.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2740920","article-title":"High isolation and ideal correlation using spatial diversity in a compact MIMO antenna for fifth-generation applications","volume":"2020","author":"D El Hadri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antennas and Propagation"},{"key":"pone.0358640.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2019.02.266","article-title":"Spatial and polarization diversity performance analysis of a compact MIMO antenna","volume":"32","author":"A Mchbal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Manufacturing"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358640.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032039","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/981\/3\/032039","article-title":"Novel hybrid MIMO detector for spatial multiplexed MIMO system","volume":"981","author":"S Umamaheshwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0358640.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3557","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073557","article-title":"Four-Port 38 GHz MIMO antenna with high gain and isolation for 5G wireless networks","volume":"23","author":"AA Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0358640.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14071309","article-title":"A novel high isolation 4-port compact MIMO antenna with DGS for 5G applications","volume":"14","author":"C G\u00fcler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Micromachines (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0358640.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2018527","article-title":"Defected ground structure: fundamentals, analysis, and applications in modern wireless trends","volume":"2017","author":"MK Khandelwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Antennas and Propagation"},{"key":"pone.0358640.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470973370.ch12","article-title":"Defected Ground Structure for Microstrip Antennas","author":"D Guha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microstrip and Printed Antennas. Wiley"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0358640.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9081265","article-title":"Efficient Isolation of an MIMO Antenna Using Defected Ground Structure","volume":"9","author":"H Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358640.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9010071","article-title":"4-Port MIMO antenna with defected ground structure for 5G millimeter wave applications","volume":"9","author":"Fawad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0358640.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1080\/09205071.2019.1617790","article-title":"Dual band omnidirectional millimeter wave antenna for 5G communications","volume":"33","author":"MN Hasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Electromagnetic Waves and Appl"},{"key":"pone.0358640.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thi Thanh Tu D, Gia Thang N, Tuan Ngoc N, Thi Bich Phuong N, Van Yem V. 28\/38 GHz dual-band MIMO antenna with low mutual coupling using novel round patch EBG cell for 5G applications. In: 2017 International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications (ATC). IEEE, 2017. p. 64\u20139.","DOI":"10.1109\/ATC.2017.8167644"},{"key":"pone.0358640.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-020-04951-1","article-title":"Planar dual-band 27\/39 GHz millimeter-wave MIMO antenna for 5G applications","volume":"27","author":"W Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microsystem Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358640.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50446-0","article-title":"Dual-band 5G MIMO antenna with enhanced coupling reduction using metamaterials","volume":"14","author":"D Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358640.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14324","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65023-2","article-title":"A flexible dual-band 4\u00d7 4 MIMO antenna for 5G mm-wave 28\/38 GHz wearable applications","volume":"14","author":"RN Tiwari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0358640.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10762-023-00914-5","article-title":"Millimeter-wave dual-band MIMO antennas for 5G wireless applications","volume":"44","author":"N Sghaier","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0358640.ref024","article-title":"Design and analysis of a dual-band 27\/38 GHz elliptical-shaped patch antenna for 5G applications","volume":"14","author":"E-S Anouar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nano-and Electronic Physics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358640.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jnm.70173","article-title":"Design of a circularly polarized printed antenna and its MIMO configuration for modern Ultra\u2010Wideband (UWB) wireless communication systems: Simulation and experimental validation","volume":"39","author":"TE Arrouch","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Numerical Modelling"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358640.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-43355-5","article-title":"A dual-band four-port MIMO antenna with a partial ground plane for n257\/n260\/n261 band applications","volume":"16","author":"PK Gautam","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0358640.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314193","article-title":"Planar compact four port MIMO antenna for Ultra Wideband applications","volume":"19","author":"P Thanki","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0358640.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2024.155322","article-title":"A high isolation wideband palm tree-shaped printed 4 \u00d7 4 MIMO antenna for 5G mm-waves applications","volume":"179","author":"Kiouach","year":"2024","journal-title":"AEU - Int J Electronics Commun"},{"key":"pone.0358640.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2282952","article-title":"Throughput multiplexing efficiency for MIMO antenna characterization","volume":"12","author":"X Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antennas Wirel Propag Lett"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358640","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:58:09Z","timestamp":1790618289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358640"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Daosen","family":"Zhai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","place":["CHINA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358640","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]}}}