{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:05:18Z","timestamp":1790877918111,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Guayule (\n                    <jats:italic>Parthenium argentatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    A. Gray) serves as a critical, drought-tolerant alternative source of natural rubber for medical and industrial applications. While salicylic acid is a fundamental signaling molecule in plant development, stress responses, and secondary metabolism, its specific influence on the gene expression of rubber biosynthesis in guayule remains poorly understood. This study evaluated the effects of exogenous salicylic acid on the morphological traits and regulation of cis-prenyltransferase 3 (\n                    <jats:italic>CPT3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), small rubber particle protein (\n                    <jats:italic>SRPP<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (\n                    <jats:italic>FPPS<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and allene oxide synthase (\n                    <jats:italic>AOS<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in guayule seedlings grown\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    condition. Seedlings at the four-leaf stage were treated with varying concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 \u00b5M) for four weeks. Treatment with exogenous salicylic acid induced a biphasic morphological response in\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>argentatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    seedlings. Morphological analysis revealed a dose-dependent response: although moderate concentrations (2.5 and 5 \u00b5M) showed a trend toward increased shoot and root elongation, these differences were not statistically significant. However, 7.5 \u00b5M inhibited elongation but significantly stimulated leaf and shoot proliferation. This dose-dependent shift highlighted the hormetic potential of salicylic acid in modulating plant morphogenesis without affecting seedling viability. In addition, quantitative gene expression analysis showed significant, concentration-dependent upregulation of\n                    <jats:italic>CPT3<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>SRPP<\/jats:italic>\n                    , alongside gradual increases in\n                    <jats:italic>AOS<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression. However,\n                    <jats:italic>FPPS<\/jats:italic>\n                    was significantly induced only at 7.5 \u00b5M salicylic acid. These results demonstrate that salicylic acid is a potent modulator of both vegetative growth and the genes expression of rubber biosynthesis pathway. Consequently, these findings provide a molecular foundation for employing hormonal elicitors to upregulate key biosynthetic genes in guayule biotechnology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:26:31Z","timestamp":1790875591000},"page":"e0358720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of salicylic acid on morphological traits and the expression of key rubber biosynthesis genes in Parthenium argentatum A. Gray"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tehran","place":["Karaj, Iran"],"department":["Division of Biotechnology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2427-3332","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Naghavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tehran","place":["Karaj, Iran"],"department":["Division of Biotechnology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources"]},{"name":"RUDN University","place":["Moscow, Russia"],"department":["Department of Agrobiotechnology, Agrarian Technological Institute"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohtaram","family":"Mahmoudieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tehran","place":["Karaj, Iran"],"department":["Division of Biotechnology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meisam","family":"Zargar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RUDN University","place":["Moscow, Russia"],"department":["Department of Agrobiotechnology, Agrarian Technological Institute"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0358720.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy9120804","article-title":"Potential applications of guayulins to improve feasibility of guayule cultivation","volume":"9","author":"FM Jara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agron"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0358720.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcm133","article-title":"South American leaf blight of the rubber tree (Hevea spp.): new steps in plant domestication using physiological features and molecular markers","volume":"100","author":"R Lieberei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Bot"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358720.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21610","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01026-7","article-title":"RNASeq analysis of drought-stressed guayule reveals the role of gene transcription for modulating rubber, resin, and carbohydrate synthesis","volume":"11","author":"C Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0358720.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2007.08.009","article-title":"Establishment of new crops for the production of natural rubber","volume":"25","author":"JB van Beilen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0358720.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.21300\/18.4.2017.245","article-title":"Alternative natural rubber crops: why should we care?","volume":"18","author":"K Cornish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Technol Innov"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358720.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13030378","article-title":"Morphophysiological characterisation of guayule (Parthenium argentatum A. 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