{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:12:08Z","timestamp":1790273528532,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secihti","award":["CF-2023-I-428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF-2023-I-428"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study evaluated biochars derived from\n                    <jats:italic>Cnidoscolus aconitifolius<\/jats:italic>\n                    (chaya) leaf residues for methylene blue (MB) removal from water. Two materials were produced under identical thermal conditions from untreated biomass (CCP-A) and post-extraction biomass (CCP-B), allowing direct assessment of the effect of metabolite extraction. Characterization by SEM\/EDS, XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    adsorption-desorption showed that extraction altered surface chemistry and textural properties, increasing oxygen-containing functionalities and BET surface area from 1.92 to 6.10 m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    g\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    and decreasing mean pore diameter from 14.1 to 8.4 nm. These differences were associated with improved MB removal by CCP-B under dark and irradiation conditions. Kinetic analysis was consistent with multiple transport contributions. Among the equilibrium models, Langmuir yielded the highest linearized R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    and a model-estimated q\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 155.3 mg g\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    , whereas degrees-of-freedom-adjusted RMSE analysis on the original q\n                    <jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub>\n                    scale did not identify a single unequivocally superior model. Despite its relatively low BET surface area, the MB uptake of CCP-B suggests that adsorption cannot be explained solely by the dry surface accessible to N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    at 77 K. Oxygen-containing functionalities may contribute to electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding, whereas aromatic domains may support \u03c0-\u03c0 interactions. Under UV and simulated solar irradiation, CCP-B reached overall removal efficiencies of 98.6% and 93.8%, respectively. Because adsorption and possible light-induced transformations were not quantified independently, these values represent overall photo-assisted removal. Inhibition by isopropanol was consistent with possible participation of hydroxyl radicals or related reactive oxygen species; however, this evidence was indirect, the species were not detected directly, and degradation products and mineralization were not evaluated. CCP-B removal efficiency decreased from approximately 92% to 31% over five adsorption-drying reuse cycles, indicating limited reuse performance without effective regeneration. Under the conditions evaluated, metabolite extraction before carbonization modified the surface properties of chaya-derived biochar and was associated with improved MB removal.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:49:47Z","timestamp":1790272187000},"page":"e0358748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Methylene blue removal from water using chaya-derived biochar: Effect of metabolite extraction on adsorption"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6320-0358","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Viviana","family":"Roche-Llerena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad M\u00e9rida","place":["M\u00e9rida, Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico"],"department":["Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad M\u00e9rida","place":["M\u00e9rida, Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico"],"department":["Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Pareja-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad M\u00e9rida","place":["M\u00e9rida, Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico"],"department":["Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geonel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Gattorno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad M\u00e9rida","place":["M\u00e9rida, Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico"],"department":["Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2527-9848","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mar\u00eda A.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad M\u00e9rida","place":["M\u00e9rida, Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico"],"department":["Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0358748.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.131124","article-title":"Synergistic effect of adsorption and photolysis on methylene blue removal by magnetic biochar derived from lignocellulosic biomass","volume":"407","author":"E-J Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"pone.0358748.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129847","article-title":"Efficient synthesis and investigation of waste-derived adsorbent for water purification. 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