{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:00:35Z","timestamp":1790197235382,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization is a major challenge to sustainable agriculture, adversely affecting crop productivity, soil quality, and environmental health, emits a potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O), and nearly 80% of sectoral emissions linked to nutrient inputs applied during crop production. The escalating use of N fertilizers further amplifies N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O emissions, undermining soil sustainability and contributing to environmental degradation. So, the hypothesis used behind the study is increasing nitrogen use efficiency from its current level (approx. 30\u201340%) would reduce the need for N fertilizer requirement, resulting in more cost-effective and environmentally sustainable production system with no yield penalty. With this objective, a field study was executed in\n                    <jats:italic>rabi<\/jats:italic>\n                    2021\u20132024, consisting of nine N management treatments and one unfertilized treatment as control, randomized in complete block design in three replicates. To overcome this problem, first we standardized NDVI based N application and developed a Nitrogen Estimation Rate Chart (NERC) for precision N management in real time for specific set target yield. Results showed that sensor based N application enhanced growth and yield attributes, registered 22.75% seed yield enhancement with 18.7% N saving over RDF and 34.4 &amp; 30.2% increment in NMR and BCR. This treatment augmented AE\n                    <jats:sub>N<\/jats:sub>\n                    and PFP\n                    <jats:sub>N<\/jats:sub>\n                    by 14.18 to 124.7% and 1.78 to 51.1%, respectively achieved higher NRE (35\u201369.5%). The per cent enrichment in SOC content was found superior in RDN\n                    <jats:sub>100<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009+\u20092% Urea FS (52.6%) followed by RDN\n                    <jats:sub>100<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009+\u20091.5% KNO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    FS (39.4%) statistically comparable to RDF (38.1%). The fertilizers contributed largest share of total carbon emissions, accounting for 45.6\u201352.3%. NDVI based N management reduced GHGs emissions by approximately 11.23% over RDF. The mean biological yield (seed\u2009+\u2009stover) unveiled positive correlation to total nitrogen (r\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200998), total phosphorus (r\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200995) and total potassium (r\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200998) uptake. This innovative technology enables farmers to prevent excessive N fertilization, thereby reducing resource wastage and minimizing nitrous oxide emission. This technology provides insight on N need of crop in real time in right quantity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:01:28Z","timestamp":1790193688000},"page":"e0358762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing nitrogen fertilization in mustard through GreenSeeker-based precision agriculture: Impacts on productivity, economics, and environmental sustainability"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9528-4832","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"V.D.","family":"Meena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Indian Institute of Rapeseed-Mustard Research","place":["Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.L.","family":"Dotaniya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Indian Institute of Rapeseed-Mustard Research","place":["Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.D.","family":"Meena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Indian Institute of Rapeseed-Mustard Research","place":["Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.S.","family":"Jat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Indian Institute of Rapeseed-Mustard Research","place":["Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.K.","family":"Meena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Indian Institute of Rapeseed-Mustard Research","place":["Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.L.","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Indian Institute of Rapeseed-Mustard Research","place":["Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.V.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Indian Institute of Rapeseed-Mustard Research","place":["Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.S.","family":"Meena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Indian Institute of Rapeseed-Mustard Research","place":["Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.L.","family":"Meena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Indian Institute of Rapeseed-Mustard Research","place":["Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.V.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Indian Institute of Rapeseed-Mustard Research","place":["Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0358762.ref001","first-page":"761","article-title":"Stability analysis in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) varieties","volume":"80","author":"DK Yadava","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind J Agric Sci"},{"key":"pone.0358762.ref002","first-page":"149","article-title":"Rapeseed-mustard production in india: Trends and facts","volume":"16","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Oilseed Brassica"},{"key":"pone.0358762.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4430","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.4047","article-title":"Gypsum and pressmud amelioration improve soil organic carbon storage and stability in sodic agroecosystems","volume":"32","author":"N Basak","year":"2021","journal-title":"L Degrad Dev"},{"key":"pone.0358762.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.108619","article-title":"Nutrient management regime affects water quality, crop growth, and nitrogen use efficiency of aquaponic systems.","volume":"256","author":"T Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Hortic"},{"key":"pone.0358762.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118319","article-title":"Sustainable agriculture options for production, greenhouse gasses and pollution alleviation, and nutrient recycling in emerging and transitional nations - 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