{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:03:44Z","timestamp":1790100224571,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-033705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-033705"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preeclampsia accounts for about one in five direct maternal deaths in Kenya. Low vitamin D levels have been linked to its pathophysiology. Despite this, context\u2011specific data from African populations remain limited. The study aimed to determine the association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations (nmol\/L) in pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia in a Kenyan population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A matched case-control study was conducted at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kenya. A total of 118 women with confirmed viable intrauterine pregnancies at \u226528 weeks\u2019 gestation were analysed. Fifty-nine women with preeclampsia (cases) and 59 controls were matched by parity, gestation, and age. Serum 25(OH)D was quantified. Vitamin D status was categorised as suboptimal (&lt;50 nmol\/L) or sufficient (\u226550 nmol\/L) status. The association between vitamin D status and preeclampsia was assessed using conditional logistic regression. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were presented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Median serum 25(OH)D was significantly lower in preeclampsia cases compared with controls [67.1 nmol\/L (interquartile range 47.8\u201384.0) vs. 77.6 nmol\/L (62.4\u201399.7);\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001]. Suboptimal vitamin D levels (&lt;50 nmol\/L) were observed in 32.2% of preeclampsia cases versus 6.8% of controls (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002). In conditional logistic regression accounting for matching, women with suboptimal vitamin D had higher odds of preeclampsia (OR 8.0; 95% CI: 1.84\u201334.78;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006). Each 10 nmol\/L decrease in serum 25(OH)D was associated with a 29% increase in preeclampsia odds (OR 1.29; 95% CI: 1.09\u20131.54;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, suboptimal maternal serum vitamin D status demonstrated a significant association with preeclampsia. There is potential value in antenatal screening for vitamin D status. Findings support further research into vitamin D supplementation as a preventive intervention for preeclampsia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/PACTR202505516303679\" xlink:type=\"simple\">PACTR202505516303679<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:22:26Z","timestamp":1790097746000},"page":"e0358781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal serum vitamin D levels and preeclampsia among Kenyan pregnant women: A matched case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5786-7997","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kimbley","family":"Asaso Omwodo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Nairobi Hospital","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"],"department":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy Njoki","family":"Kimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moi University, College of Health Sciences (MUCHS)","place":["Eldoret, Kenya"],"department":["Department of Reproductive Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuboi","family":"Nicodemus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eldoret Oncology Associates","place":["Eldoret, Kenya"],"department":["Department of Psychology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Mbugua","family":"Kioko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eldoret Oncology Associates","place":["Eldoret, Kenya"],"department":["Department of Medical Oncology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoniya","family":"Georgieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford, Level 3 Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"],"department":["Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0358781.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-023-01323-w","article-title":"Preeclampsia up to date-What\u2019s going on?","volume":"46","author":"K Bokuda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358781.ref002","article-title":"Report of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy","volume":"183","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pone.0358781.ref003","unstructured":"Kenya MoH. First Confidential Report into Maternal Deaths in Kenya. 2017 [cited 2026 Sep 8]. 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WHO Recommendations on Antenatal Care for a Positive Pregnancy Experience. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016."}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358781","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:22:32Z","timestamp":1790097752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358781"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Maria Christine","family":"Magnus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health: Folkehelseinstituttet","place":["NORWAY"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358781","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]}}}