{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:52:36Z","timestamp":1792788756931,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research Govt. of India","award":["AMR\/Adhoc\/233\/2020-ECD-II, Dt; 22\/01\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AMR\/Adhoc\/233\/2020-ECD-II, Dt; 22\/01\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0492wrx28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National One Health Mission","award":["ICMR\/DHR\/NOHM\/PRN04\/2026\/04\/03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICMR\/DHR\/NOHM\/PRN04\/2026\/04\/03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Short-duration exposure (SDE) of antibiotics is among the major drivers of the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacterial pathogens.\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a critical priority bacterial pathogen and rapidly acquiring MDR\/XDR traits even against major antibacterial classes of antibiotics. Since colistin is a last-resort antibiotic for treating drug-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections and the development of new antibiotics is resource-intensive, understanding how antibiotic-resistance emerges following SDE is crucial for devising strategies to preserve antibiotics for future use. With this aim, we developed colistin (1x, 2x, and 4x MICs)-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    using SDE of colistin and protein profiled to understand the emergence of SDE-induced colistin resistance. Interestingly, 1xMIC-adapted cells showed an\u2009~\u20098-fold increase in MIC for colistin, with no further rise at 2x or 4x MIC-adapted cells, indicating that the emergence of AMR can be a non-linear adaptive response and SDE of even 1x MIC-dose alone can trigger rapid physiological remodelling and target modification. Proteomic profiling identified 1379 proteins, including 245, 383, and 175 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in 1x, 2x, and 4x MIC-adapted cells, respectively. Among these, 75 DEPs were common across all conditions, representing a core proteomic signature consistently altered upon exposure and represented\n                    <jats:italic>valS<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>arnA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>arnB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>pheT,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>thrS<\/jats:italic>\n                    the top upregulated proteins, and\n                    <jats:italic>gjJ18<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>kphS<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>B5L96<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>potD,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>phoU<\/jats:italic>\n                    the top downregulated proteins. Functional enrichment highlighted catalytic, antioxidant, and binding activities, whereas protein\u2013protein interaction (PPI) analysis revealed metabolic reprogramming, involving central carbon\/amino acid metabolism and transcription\/translation machinery associated with reduced antibiotic sensitivity. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modification (\n                    <jats:italic>arnA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>arnB<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>phoU<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and biomolecular synthesis (\n                    <jats:italic>valS<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>pheT<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>thrS<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were the key functions altered during colistin adaptation. Since elevated\n                    <jats:italic>arnA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>arnB<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>phoU<\/jats:italic>\n                    are known to reduce colistin binding to the bacterial surface, they may be facilitating the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Taken together, this research provides insight into SDE\u2013induced colistin resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and may help to identify potential therapeutic and diagnostic interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:49:25Z","timestamp":1790272165000},"page":"e0358791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Proteome-wide remodelling in Klebsiella pneumoniae during step-wise adaptive evolution against colistin"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sevaram","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NCR Biotech Science Cluster","place":["Faridabad, Haryana, India"],"department":["BRIC-Translational Health Science and Technology Institute"]},{"name":"Jawaharlal Nehru 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