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Child maltreatment and comparison conditions were established using official case records and contamination was identified as caregiver-reported maltreatment for those children assigned to the comparison condition. Outcomes were 6-month frequencies of externalizing and internalizing behaviors, represented in\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      -scores, three years post-maltreatment exposure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of contamination in this study was 96%. Propensity score analyses that ignored contamination revealed that maltreatment exposure had no impact on externalizing behaviors (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.28,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.746) or internalizing behaviors (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.27,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.744), failing to replicate prior research. However, propensity score analyses that corrected contamination replicated prior research by generating estimates that were in the expected directions, statistically significant, and moderate to large in effect magnitude for externalizing (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098.72,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.002,\n                      <jats:italic>SMD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.74) and internalizing behavior problems (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099.96,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001,\n                      <jats:italic>SMD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.90).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Correcting contamination has the potential to improve the replication of child maltreatment effects, strengthening the generalizability of results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:28:06Z","timestamp":1791307686000},"page":"e0358837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The impact of contamination bias when replicating maltreatment effects on child behavior problems"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0135-6442","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anneke E.","family":"Olson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South Carolina","place":["Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America"],"department":["National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7334-6489","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John M.","family":"Felt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Healthy Aging, Pennsylvania State University","place":["University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3067-7154","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Noah","family":"Greifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University","place":["Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary F.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina","place":["Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Psychology and Neuroscience"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3039-420X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Shores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education and Human Development, University of Delaware","place":["Newark, Delaware, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1671-5257","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nilam","family":"Ram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University","place":["Stanford, California, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Communications"]},{"name":"Stanford University","place":["Stanford, California, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Psychology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6700-5656","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chad E.","family":"Shenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rochester","place":["Rochester, New York, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Psychology"]},{"name":"Mt. 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