{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:07:43Z","timestamp":1790186863642,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2000002577"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2000002577"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PHC Toubkal","award":["Toubkal\/23\/158 \u2013 Campus France: 4858YB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Toubkal\/23\/158 \u2013 Campus France: 4858YB"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious disease affecting goats and sheep. The speed and extent of its spread depend on contact patterns and the virus\u2019s intrinsic characteristics. To estimate its propagation speed and the role of inter-individual contacts, we conducted PPR virus transmission experiments in goats that were equipped with Ultra-Wideband (UWB) sensors to continuously track inter-individual distances alongside clinical and virological monitoring. Using Bayesian modeling, we integrated contact data and health status to estimate the basic reproduction number (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>0<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    ), the incubation period, and the virus transmissibility. The novel integration of distance tracking revealed that animal density in an area critically drives infection risk: the minimum exposure time that is required for a na\u00efve animal to become infected dropped from nearly two days at low density to just four hours at high density. Overall, the derived\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>0<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    estimates were 4.3 (95% HDI: 3.1\u20134.8) for a 5-day infectious period and 8.6 (95% HDI: 6.2\u20139.6) for a 10-day infectious period. The incubation period was estimated to be around 14.7 days (95% CI 11.6\u201320.1). The exposure time varies greatly depending on the density, ranging from nearly two days at low density to around four hours at high density. These findings highlight high-density environments, such as conditions in livestock markets, as an important factor of PPRV transmission between animals and the disease spread. Considering the high frequency of animals\u2019 movement on long distances, the high incubation period, about 15 days, might be one of the factors explaining the spread of PPR along long distances from the source of infection. To efficiently control and eradicate PPR, sheep and goats\u2019 movement control must be one of the means to be applied. Our findings, based on a single lineage IV PPRV strain (Senegal 20-GP) evaluated under experimental conditions, suggest that the adequacy of the current 21-day quarantine period, as specified in the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH)\n                    <jats:italic>Terrestrial Code<\/jats:italic>\n                    , deserves further evaluation and validation under field conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:34:26Z","timestamp":1790184866000},"page":"e0358839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How fast can PPRV spread? Analyzing the results of an experimental PPRV infection of goats equipped with Ultra-Wideband sensors"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0275-6677","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manal","family":"Nhili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR ASTRE, CIRAD","place":["Montpellier, France"]},{"name":"UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, University of Montpellier","place":["Montpellier, France"]},{"name":"ENSIAS, Mohammed V University in Rabat","place":["Rabat, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0914-8890","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jean-Baptiste","family":"Menassol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR SELMET, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Montpellier","place":["Montpellier, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaye Laye","family":"Diop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LNERV, Institut S\u00e9n\u00e9galais de Recherches Agricoles","place":["Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariame","family":"Diop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LNERV, Institut S\u00e9n\u00e9galais de Recherches Agricoles","place":["Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aminata","family":"Ndoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LNERV, Institut S\u00e9n\u00e9galais de Recherches Agricoles","place":["Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mbengu\u00e9","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LNERV, Institut S\u00e9n\u00e9galais de Recherches Agricoles","place":["Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aminata","family":"Ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LNERV, Institut S\u00e9n\u00e9galais de Recherches Agricoles","place":["Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Dione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, West Africa Regional Office","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5061-4391","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Assane Gueye","family":"Fall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LNERV, Institut S\u00e9n\u00e9galais de Recherches Agricoles","place":["Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noha","family":"El Khattabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohammed V University in Rabat","place":["Rabat, Morocco"],"department":["Faculty of Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Modou Moustapha","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LNERV, Institut 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