{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:07:37Z","timestamp":1790273257672,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Communication using millimeter waves offer large bandwidth, become one of the key components of future sixth-generation wireless (6G) network. However, high levels of path loss and blockage limit the reliability of these types of links and communication, especially in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios. Recently, a novel technology known as reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) has been developed to help reconfigure the wireless propagation environment through programmable electromagnetic reflection. This paper discusses how using realistic cluster-delayed-line (CDL) channel modelling can improve the performance of RIS-assisted millimeter-wave communication links. A cascaded base station (BS)-RIS-user equipment (UE) system using a propagation channel that has been modelled according to mobile radio channel characteristics from the 3GPP Technical Report (38.901) was simulated at a frequency of 28 GHz in order to study the multipath clustering, angular dispersion and delay spread effects that take place when propagating signals using a wireless or radio channel. An iterative RIS phase optimization algorithm was developed for maximizing the coherent signal power obtained by combining all of the reflected signals based on the available directional antennas operated by RIS hardware. We present performance evaluations of the RIS-assisted channel compared to performance evaluations of traditional direct based channel configurations of identical communications facilities based on analysis of communications efficiency, signal-to-noise ratio, coverage probability, energy efficiency and accuracy of localization. The results show that RIS-assisted beamforming greatly improves communication performance from direct established links. For instance, when using 200 RIS elements, spectral efficiency of communication increases from approximately 2 bps\/Hz to greater than 8 bps\/Hz and the SNR at the receiver will have improved by almost 40 dB when using RIS technology compared to direct-established links.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:28:51Z","timestamp":1790270931000},"page":"e0358851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Performance enhancement of 6g millimeter wave links via RIS beamforming and CDL-based channel modeling"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"KCT","family":"Swamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"G. Pullaiah College of Engineering and Technology","place":["Kurnool, India"],"department":["GNSS & Communication Research Lab, Department of ECE"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Turpati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr K.V Subba Reddy Institute of Technology","place":["Kurnool, India"],"department":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sivasubramanyam","family":"Medasani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K. S. School of Engineering and Management","place":["Bengaluru, India"],"department":["Department of CSE"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tathababu","family":"Addepalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aditya University","place":["Surampalem, India"],"department":["Department of ECE"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bathula Ravi","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G. Pullaiah College of Engineering and Technology","place":["Kurnool, India"],"department":["GNSS & Communication Research Lab, Department of ECE"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Galgotias University","place":["Greater Noida, UP, India"],"department":["Department of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9867-4382","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sameena","family":"Pathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","place":["Manipal, India"],"department":["Manipal Institute of Technology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0358851.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116753","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2935192","article-title":"Wireless communications through reconfigurable intelligent surfaces","volume":"7","author":"E Basar","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358851.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2019.2950624","article-title":"Intelligent reflecting surface versus decode-and-forward: how large surfaces are needed to beat relaying","volume":"9","author":"E Bj\u00f6rnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel Commun Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0358851.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3051897","article-title":"Intelligent reflecting surface-aided wireless communications: a tutorial","volume":"69","author":"Q Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358851.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.1900107","article-title":"Towards smart and reconfigurable environment: Intelligent reflecting surface aided wireless network.","author":"Q Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Mag."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0358851.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3000802","article-title":"Intelligent reflecting surface aided MIMO broadcasting for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer","volume":"38","author":"C Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J Select Areas Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0358851.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.2970061","article-title":"Weighted sum-rate maximization for reconfigurable intelligent surface aided wireless networks","volume":"19","author":"H Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Wireless Commun"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0358851.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7851","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.3024621","article-title":"Artificial-noise-aided secure MIMO wireless communications via intelligent reflecting surface","volume":"68","author":"S Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Commun"},{"key":"pone.0358851.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He J, Wymeersch H, Sanguanpuak T, Silven O, Juntti M. 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