{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:59:57Z","timestamp":1790359197758,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Boucher Family Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Open Payments program (OPP) was launched in 2013 following the passage of the Physician Payments Sunshine Act (PPSA) to promote transparency of physician-industry financial relationships. Extensive research has scrutinized general (non-research) payments from industry to physicians. However, industry-sponsored research payments (ISRPs), the largest payment category by value in the OPP, are relatively understudied. We characterized the distribution of ISRPs to US physician principal investigators (PIs) across medical specialties.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective, observational study, we used publicly-available data from the OPP database to identify cash-or-equivalent ISRPs to physician PIs during 2016\u20132022. We stratified ISRPs by recipient types (to physician PIs directly and indirectly via teaching hospitals and other organizations referred to as non-covered entities [NCEs]). Our primary outcome measures included ISRP distributions by medical specialties of physician PIs. Secondary measures of interest included identifying medical products associated with the highest total payment amounts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During 2016\u20132022, ISRPs to physician PIs totaled $33.9 billion, with most ($26.6 billion, 78.5%) directed to physician PIs via NCEs, rather than teaching hospitals or directly to physicians. Physician PIs receiving the highest total payment amounts were general internists, hematologist-oncologists, and neurologists. Anti-cancer drugs, particularly immunotherapy agents, accounted for most of the 25 products associated with the largest payment amounts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study revealed significant industry payments in physician-led research, particularly in oncology. Furthermore, the study highlights a need for improved research payment disclosures. OPP reporting rules do not require specific disclosure of payments for research expenses versus physician compensations within an ISRP, nor specific products investigated in industry-sponsored research of experimental products. Improved disclosures will promote transparency of physician-industry financial relationships as originally intended by the PPSA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:26:18Z","timestamp":1790357178000},"page":"e0358886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distribution of industry-sponsored research payments to US physician principal investigators"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3215-6192","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhuo Tony","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyad","family":"Hammadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Logan B.","family":"Galansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1095-1435","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alyssa G.","family":"Arbuiso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4597-7064","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuezhou","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce J.","family":"Trock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misop","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0358886.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1303523","article-title":"The Sunshine Act \u2014 Effects on Physicians","volume":"368","author":"S Agrawal","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0358886.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.11413","article-title":"Trends in Industry Payments to Physicians in the United States From 2014 to 2018","volume":"324","author":"DC Marshall","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0358886.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252656","article-title":"Physicians payment in the United States between 2014 and 2018: An analysis of the CMS Open Payments database","volume":"16","author":"RE Cuomo","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358886.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-5665","article-title":"Are Financial Payments From the Pharmaceutical Industry Associated With Physician Prescribing?: A Systematic Review","volume":"174","author":"AP Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0358886.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.3091","article-title":"Types and Distribution of Payments From Industry to Physicians in 2015","volume":"317","author":"KR Tringale","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358886.ref006","article-title":"Characterizing industry payments to US teaching hospitals and affiliated physicians: a cross-sectional analysis of the Open Payments datasets from 2016 to 2022","volume":"1","author":"E Pope","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Aff Sch"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0358886.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.1989","article-title":"Industry Payments to US Physicians by Specialty and Product Type","volume":"331","author":"A Sayed","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0358886.ref008","article-title":"Trends in Industry-Sponsored Research Payments to Physician Principal Investigators","volume":"7","author":"ZT Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0358886.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2017.0002","article-title":"Industry Sponsorship of Research in Otolaryngology","volume":"143","author":"VK Rathi","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Neck Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0358886.ref010","first-page":"172","article-title":"Understanding financial relationships between orthopedic surgeons and industry for research. orthopedics","author":"A Tippabhatla","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0358886.ref011","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of non-research and research industry payments to pediatric hematologist\/oncologists in the United States between 2013 and 2021. Leuk Lymphoma","author":"A Murayama","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0358886.ref012","author":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0358886.ref013","author":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0358886.ref014","author":"Federal Reserve Economic Data","year":"2024"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0358886.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-1683","article-title":"Forecast for the Physician Payment Sunshine Act: partly to mostly cloudy?","volume":"161","author":"SR Morain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0358886.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024020","article-title":"Effect of the public disclosure of industry payments information on patients: results from a population-based natural experiment","volume":"9","author":"GP Kanter","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pone.0358886.ref017","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0358886.ref018","author":"RE Yount"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0358886.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.20794","article-title":"Comparison of Industry Payments to Physicians and Advanced Practice Clinicians","volume":"328","author":"AD Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0358886.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.42869","article-title":"Evaluation of Industry Payments to US Advanced Practice Clinicians in 2021","volume":"5","author":"A Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358886","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:26:20Z","timestamp":1790357180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358886"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Dzintars","family":"Gotham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gotham Research Ltd","place":["UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0358886","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]}}}