{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:58:16Z","timestamp":1791223096519,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-rise buildings have become a dominant form of urban development. However, because these buildings face multiple fire safety risks, including difficulties in fire suppression, diverse occupancy types, rapid fire spread, and challenging evacuation, once a fire occurs, it is likely to cause serious casualties and significant property losses. It is therefore essential to carry out fire risk assessments for high-rise buildings in advance and to adopt targeted prevention and control measures. To improve the systematic and scenario-specific assessment of fire risk in high-rise buildings, this study introduces the Integrated Disaster Risk Theory into high-rise building fire risk assessment and reconstructs the assessment indicator system according to the specific formation mechanism of high-rise building fires. Indicator weights were integrated using a game-theoretic approach and then combined with cloud model theory to construct a fire risk assessment model for high-rise buildings, thereby identifying the corresponding fire risk levels of high-rise buildings. The assessment results for a typical high-rise building in Changchun showed that its fire risk level was Grade II, indicating a relatively low fire risk. This result was consistent with those obtained using an existing fire risk index method (FRI), thereby supporting the plausibility and consistency of the proposed model. This study provides a more targeted fire risk assessment framework for high-rise buildings, offering methodological support for fire prevention, evacuation management, and emergency rescue resource allocation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:35:27Z","timestamp":1791221727000},"page":"e0358941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fire risk assessment for high-rise buildings based on Integrated Disaster Risk Theory"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yingda","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Jilin Emergency Management, Changchun Institute of Technology","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2311-5403","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zonglai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Jilin Emergency Management, Changchun Institute of Technology","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaogeng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China City Development Academy","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Jin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Heyuan Fire Engineering Co., Ltd.","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0358941.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2024.104162","article-title":"Empirical assessment of fire safety in high-rise residential buildings in Vietnam and residents\u2019 knowledge and awareness regarding fire safety","volume":"146","author":"M Vu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fire Safety J"},{"key":"pone.0358941.ref002","unstructured":"Fire Safety in High-rise Buildings. 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