{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:57:50Z","timestamp":1790791070996,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003350","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Mapfre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003350","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SEE"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Household food insecurity (HFI) is increasingly prevalent and disproportionately affects households with children, who may be particularly vulnerable to adverse diet-related outcomes. However, evidence on the association between HFI and these outcomes in Mediterranean settings is scarce. This study assessed the association between HFI, dietary intake, and weight status in a socioeconomically diverse sample of children aged 3\u201312 years living in Madrid, Spain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from a citywide cross-sectional survey conducted in Madrid in 2017 (n\u2009=\u20095,144), including objective anthropometric measurements (height and weight) of children aged 3\u201312 years, and parent-reported information on HFI and children\u2019s intake of fruits, vegetables, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). We fitted Poisson regression models with robust standard errors to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) for overweight and obesity, and multinomial logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for dietary intake outcomes, with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 18.1% of children experienced HFI. After adjustment for age, sex, and family affluence, HFI was associated with a higher prevalence of overweight (PR\u2009\u2009=\u2009\u20091.17; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.31), but not obesity (PR\u2009\u2009=\u2009\u20091.20; 95% CI: 0.97, 1.48). Experiencing HFI was also associated with higher odds of never consuming fruits (OR= 1.81; 95% CI:1.25, 2.64) or vegetables (OR= 3.23; 95% CI: 2.03, 5.13), and of consuming SSB daily (OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.01,2.76). Moreover, we found stronger associations among girls; however, we only observed evidence of interaction by sex for fruit consumption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HFI was associated with a less frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables, a more frequent intake of SSBs, and a higher prevalence of overweight. Our findings underscore the need for policies and interventions addressing HFI and supporting access to healthy foods, particularly among socioeconomically disadvantaged households with children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:25:44Z","timestamp":1790789144000},"page":"e0358967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Household food insecurity, dietary intake, and weight status among children in Madrid, Spain: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9489-1224","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luis","family":"Carmona-Rosado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","place":["Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5586-1794","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julia","family":"D\u00edez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","place":["Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, The City University of New York","place":["New York, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Gull\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","place":["Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Buenaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conselleria de Sanidad Universal y Salud P\u00fablica, Generalitat Valenciana","place":["Valencia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Moragues-Faus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituciones, pol\u00edtica y econom\u00eda municipal, Universitat de Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"],"department":["Departamento de historia econ\u00f3mica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"D\u00edaz-Olalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madrid Salud, Ayuntamiento de Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa N.","family":"Borrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","place":["Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, The City University of New York","place":["New York, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BC3 Basque Centre for Climate Change, Adaptation Lab","place":["Leioa, Basque Country, Spain"]},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health","place":["Baltimore, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Epidemiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0358967.ref001","first-page":"1559","article-title":"Core indicators of nutritional state for difficult-to-sample populations","author":"SA Anderson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J 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