{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:55:37Z","timestamp":1792173337993,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP26rea522120s0302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP26rea522120s0302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the Sleep Problem Acceptance Questionnaire (SPAQ-J) and assess its reliability and validity. The SPAQ-J was developed through a forward-backward translation procedure with permission from the original authors. The sample included 861 adults with insomnia who completed questionnaires on experiential avoidance, insomnia symptoms, dysfunctional beliefs about sleep, sleep-related safety behaviors, insomnia catastrophizing, and pre-sleep arousal. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the SPAQ-J retained the two-factor structure of the original version (CFI\u2009=\u20090.972, TLI\u2009=\u20090.958, RMSEA\u2009=\u20090.082, SRMR\u2009=\u20090.059): Activity Engagement and Willingness. Although internal consistency was adequate (Activity Engagement: \u03b1\u2009=\u20090.868, \u03c9\u2009=\u20090.870; Willingness: \u03b1\u2009=\u20090.895, \u03c9\u2009=\u20090.895), test-retest reliability was below the recommended threshold (Activity Engagement: ICC\u2009=\u20090.586, Willingness: ICC\u2009=\u20090.589). In terms of construct validity, Willingness moderately correlated with all scales, whereas Activity Engagement showed moderate-to-weak correlations. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that adding the SPAQ-J subscales significantly enhanced the explanatory power. Measurement invariance analysis across sex and age groups showed no significant changes in the fit indices, indicating stability. These findings suggest that the SPAQ-J is a valid and partially reliable measure of psychological flexibility related to sleep problems in the Japanese population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0358990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:38:36Z","timestamp":1792172316000},"page":"e0358990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Sleep Problem Acceptance Questionnaire"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7612-2636","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mizuki","family":"Bando","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Kasei University","place":["Tokyo, Japan"],"department":["Graduate School of Humanities and Life Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9847-3701","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Asakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kwansei Gakuin University","place":["Nishinomiya, Japan"],"department":["Graduate School of Humanities"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kwansei Gakuin University","place":["Nishinomiya, Japan"],"department":["School of Humanities"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3494-4328","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isa","family":"Okajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Kasei University","place":["Tokyo, Japan"],"department":["Behavioral Sleep Medicine and Sciences Laboratory, Department of Psychological Counseling, Faculty of Humanities"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0358990.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2022","edition":"5"},{"key":"pone.0358990.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2025.102121","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of insomnia: A systematic literature review-based analysis","volume":"82","author":"AV Benjafield","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0358990.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1126","article-title":"Association of poor subjective sleep quality with risk for death by suicide during a 10-year period: A longitudinal, population-based study of late life","volume":"71","author":"RA Bernert","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0358990.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487312460020","article-title":"Insomnia and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"F Sofi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0358990.ref005","first-page":"13","article-title":"Quality of life in patients suffering from insomnia","volume":"9","author":"WW Ishak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Innov Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0358990.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1992.00400200070012","article-title":"Risk factors associated with complaints of insomnia in a general adult population. 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