{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:04:27Z","timestamp":1790877867544,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study introduces lexical \u201cconcreteness\u201d \u2013 a psycholinguistic measure of vivid language \u2013 as a scalable tool for political and news text analysis. Using a dictionary of approximately 40,000 English word lemmas rated for concreteness, this construct is applied to more than two million\n                    <jats:italic>New York Times<\/jats:italic>\n                    articles published between 2000 and 2025. Exploratory analyses show that average concreteness declines over time in headlines and abstracts and varies systematically across material categories, document formats, print page placement, and article length. Descriptive formats, including news reports and biographies or obituaries, generally use more concrete language than editorial or opinion content. Taken together, these analyses suggest that concreteness may be a meaningful linguistic feature in the political news context, capturing unique stylistic features in media language.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0359092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:32:27Z","timestamp":1790875947000},"page":"e0359092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The weight of words: Applying concreteness to elite media language"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4411-9209","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Donald","family":"Snyder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesleyan University","place":["Middletown, Connecticut, United States of 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The Softening of News on the Facebook Pages of Mainstream Media Outlets","volume":"10","author":"K Lamot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Digital Journalism"},{"issue":"6380","key":"pone.0359092.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559","article-title":"The spread of true and false news online","volume":"359","author":"S Vosoughi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0359092.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7312\/napo18454","volume-title":"Social media and the public interest: Media regulation in the disinformation age","author":"P Napoli","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0359092.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816676645","article-title":"Seeing without knowing: Limitations of the transparency ideal and its application to algorithmic accountability","volume":"20","author":"M Ananny","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Media & Society"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359092","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:32:36Z","timestamp":1790875956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359092"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Flor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Educational Testing Service: ETS","place":["UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359092","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}}}