{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:00:26Z","timestamp":1790618426363,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019303","name":"Universitas Multimedia Nusantara","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0025-RD-LPPM-UMN\/P-INT\/VI\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0025-RD-LPPM-UMN\/P-INT\/VI\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019303","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Farming robots are used nowadays to increase farming efficiency and production. In this paper, the Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is proposed to be used as the enabler technology to support the autonomous characteristics of the robot. A low input voltage supplied from a solar panel is assumed as the source for the WPT system in this work. The mathematical modeling, design, and hardware implementation are discussed in this paper. The experimental results of WPT with double-sided LCC compensation maintained its efficiency to a certain distance with output power 5\u201376 W under the variation of coupling coefficient from 0.18 to 0.05. The peak efficiency obtained from the experiment was 69.19%. In addition, the study also showed that the output voltage of WPT can be regulated at 24V by changing the switching frequency of the inverter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0359107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:26:42Z","timestamp":1790616402000},"page":"e0359107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design and implementation of a Wireless Power Transfer with double-sided LCC compensation for a farming robot"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Aryadharma","family":"Sudhartio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Multimedia Nusantara","place":["Kabupaten Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia"],"department":["Electrical Engineering Study Program"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8918-850X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marojahan","family":"Tampubolon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Multimedia Nusantara","place":["Kabupaten Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia"],"department":["Electrical Engineering Study Program"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gervasius","family":"Geovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Multimedia Nusantara","place":["Kabupaten Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia"],"department":["Electrical Engineering Study Program"]},{"name":"National Central University","place":["Taoyuan, Taiwan"],"department":["Department of Electrical Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. B.","family":"Nugraha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Multimedia Nusantara","place":["Kabupaten Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia"],"department":["Electrical Engineering Study Program"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Syahril","family":"Muharom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Multimedia Nusantara","place":["Kabupaten Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia"],"department":["Electrical Engineering Study Program"]},{"name":"Mie University","place":["Tsu, Japan"],"department":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0359107.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan A, Aziz S, Bashir M, Khan MU. IoT and wireless sensor network based autonomous farming robot. 2020 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Smart Technologies (ICETST); 2020. p. 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICETST49965.2020.9080736"},{"key":"pone.0359107.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jerosheja BR, Mythili C. Solar powered automated multi-tasking agricultural robot. 2020 International Conference on Innovative Trends in Information Technology (ICITIIT); 2020. p. 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICITIIT49094.2020.9071542","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITIIT49094.2020.9071542"},{"key":"pone.0359107.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2021.08.006","article-title":"Recent advancements and challenges of Internet of Things in smart agriculture: A survey","volume":"126","author":"BB Sinha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Future Gener Comput Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359107.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics13020033","article-title":"Automation\u2019s impact on agriculture: Opportunities, challenges, and economic effects","volume":"13","author":"K Bazargani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Robotics"},{"key":"pone.0359107.ref005","article-title":"Smart agriculture: A review","author":"G Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sib J Life Sci Agric"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0359107.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5573","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155573","article-title":"Wireless power transfer: Systems, circuits, standards, and use cases","volume":"22","author":"J Van Mulders","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"pone.0359107.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112730","article-title":"Wireless charging systems for electric vehicles","volume":"167","author":"M Amjad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359107.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13010103","article-title":"Parameter optimization of wireless power transfer based on machine learning","volume":"13","author":"H Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0359107.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7236","DOI":"10.3390\/en15197236","article-title":"Wireless power transfer\u2014A review","volume":"15","author":"K Detka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"pone.0359107.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139839","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2943120","article-title":"Wireless power transfer with magnetic resonator coupling and sleep\/active strategy for a drone charging station in smart agriculture","volume":"7","author":"AM Jawad","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359107.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.11591\/ijpeds.v14.i2.pp948-959","article-title":"High-efficiency bidirectional resonant WPT system for electric vehicles","volume":"14","author":"M Tampubolon","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJPEDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0359107.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3390\/en11030527","article-title":"Dynamic wireless power transfer for logistic robots","volume":"11","author":"M Tampubolon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0359107.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.3390\/s22082952","article-title":"Wireless power transfer in wirelessly powered sensor networks: A review of recent progress","volume":"22","author":"SMA Huda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0359107.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.11591\/ijpeds.v11.i3.pp1109-1116","article-title":"Application of inductive coupling for wireless power transfer","volume":"11","author":"I Alhamrouni","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJPEDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359107.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-021-01994-4","article-title":"Inductive coupling for wireless power transfer and near-field communication","volume":"2021","author":"C Degen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Wirel Commun Netw"},{"key":"pone.0359107.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2014.2347006","article-title":"A double-sided LCC compensation network and its tuning method for wireless power transfer","volume":"64","author":"S Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0359107.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.3390\/en10091346","article-title":"A design method for making an LCC compensation two-coil wireless power transfer system more energy efficient than an SS counterpart","volume":"10","author":"X Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0359107.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7816","DOI":"10.3390\/en15207816","article-title":"A review of compensation topologies and control techniques of bidirectional wireless power transfer systems for electric vehicle applications","volume":"15","author":"M Venkatesan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"pone.0359107.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2835378","article-title":"Wireless power transfer\u2014An overview","volume":"66","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Electron"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0359107.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11475","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2020.2984712","article-title":"An efficiency optimization-based asymmetric tuning method of double-sided LCC compensated WPT system for electric vehicles","volume":"35","author":"Y Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Electron"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359107.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.61931\/2224-9028.1619","article-title":"A double-sided hybrid LC series\/parallel compensation topology for an efficient magnetic resonance wireless power transfer systems","volume":"42","author":"T Irshad","year":"2025","journal-title":"ASEAN J Sci Technol Dev"},{"key":"pone.0359107.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120559","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2937891","article-title":"Compensation topologies in IPT systems: Standards, requirements, classification, analysis, comparison and application","volume":"7","author":"V Shevchenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"pone.0359107.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang J, Wang Y, Ren S, Huang J, Jiang C. Comparative Analysis of LCC and Series Compensation for Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer Systems; 2025. p. 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/wptce62521.2025.11062303","DOI":"10.1109\/WPTCE62521.2025.11062303"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0359107.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.11591\/ijpeds.v10.i4.pp2157-2164","article-title":"Efficiency investigation of SS and SP compensation topologies for wireless power transfer","volume":"10","author":"M Rehman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Pow Electron Drive Syst"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0359107.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7110296","article-title":"Magnetically coupled resonance WPT: Review of compensation topologies, resonator structures with misalignment, and EMI diagnostics","volume":"7","author":"M Abou Houran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"pone.0359107.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75749","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2922329","article-title":"The load estimation and power tracking integrated control strategy for dual-sides controlled LCC compensated wireless charging system","volume":"7","author":"Q Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0359107.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2020.3012614","article-title":"A design method to implement ZVS for electric vehicle wireless charging system with double-side LCC compensation","volume":"9","author":"F Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J Emerg Sel Topics Power Electron"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0359107.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7398","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2017.2766605","article-title":"Implementation of the constant current and constant voltage charge of inductive power transfer systems with the double-sided LCC compensation topology for electric vehicle battery charge applications","volume":"33","author":"V-B Vu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Electron"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0359107.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2020.2978726","article-title":"A double-side self-tuning LCC \/S system using a variable switched capacitor based on parameter recognition","volume":"68","author":"W Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Electron"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:26:49Z","timestamp":1790616409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359107"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Amit","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cagliari","place":["ITALY"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359107","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]}}}