{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:01:15Z","timestamp":1790618475680,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Construction Fund Project for Science and Technology Innovation Base","award":["24ZYQA025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24ZYQA025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are critical pollutants that significantly affect urban air quality and drive photochemical reaction processes. Industrial cities, especially those in western China, often face unique VOC pollution characteristics due to regional industrial structures and geographical conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to characterize VOC composition, concentrations, photochemical reactivity, sources, and health risks in a western Chinese industrial city.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gaseous VOC samples were collected from four sampling sites (three urban sites and one rural site), and their compositional characteristics were analyzed in detail. To evaluate the photochemical reaction activity of the detected VOCs, the ozone formation potential (\n                      <jats:italic>OFP<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and propylene equivalent concentration (Propy-Equiv) method were adopted. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to identify VOC sources. Additionally, a health risk assessment was conducted to identify key pollutants posing non-carcinogenic risks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed that the average volume fraction of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) in the atmosphere of the study city was 47.94\u2009\u00b1\u200923.04 ppbv, with a total of 112 VOC species detected. Based on their molecular structures, these VOCs were classified into six categories, including 29 alkanes, 11 alkenes, 1 alkyne, 16 aromatics, 34 halogenated hydrocarbons (HHCs), and 21 oxygen-containing organic compounds (OVOCs). The volume ratio contributions of these categories to TVOCs were as follows: OVOCs (29.17%), alkanes (27.12%), HHCs (19.86%), aromatic hydrocarbons (12.33%), alkenes (10.67%), and alkynes (0.86%). Furthermore, TVOC concentrations were significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas, and the photochemical reactivity of atmospheric components in urban areas was also higher than that in rural areas. Health risk assessment results indicated that acrolein was the primary species contributing to non-carcinogenic risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Controlling alkenes and OVOCs is critical to reduce VOC pollution and photochemical risks. These findings support local air quality management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0359213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:33:43Z","timestamp":1790616823000},"page":"e0359213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization and risk assessment of ambient VOCs in Qingyang city, China"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2371-4026","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Weihong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Industrial Waste Recycling and Regulation of Gansu Province","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leping","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Tie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0359213.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114386","article-title":"The research hotspots and trends of volatile organic compound emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources: A systematic quantitative review","volume":"216","author":"C Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156201","article-title":"Chemicals in European residences - Part I: A review of emissions, concentrations and health effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)","volume":"839","author":"CH Halios","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107330","article-title":"Global review of source apportionment of volatile organic compounds based on highly time-resolved data from 2015 to 2021","volume":"165","author":"Y Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"10053","key":"pone.0359213.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31679-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359213.ref005","article-title":"The impact of air pollution on deaths, disease burden, and life expectancy across the states of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"3","author":"India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Air Pollution Collaborators","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"10082","key":"pone.0359213.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","article-title":"Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: An analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015","volume":"389","author":"AJ Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160064","article-title":"Trends in urban air pollution over the last two decades: A global perspective","volume":"858","author":"P Sicard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0359213.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac49b9","article-title":"Effect of elevated tropospheric ozone on soil carbon and nitrogen: A meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"E Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359213.ref009","article-title":"Role of climate goals and clean-air policies on reducing future air pollution deaths in China: A modelling study","volume":"6","author":"Y Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.11.024","article-title":"Validation of Himawari-8 aerosol optical depth retrievals over China","volume":"199","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0359213.ref011","article-title":"The effect of air pollution on deaths, disease burden, and life expectancy across China and its provinces, 1990\u20132017: An analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"4","author":"Y Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Planetary Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0359213.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2023.07.007","article-title":"A synergistic approach to air pollution control and carbon neutrality in China can avoid millions of premature deaths annually by 2060","volume":"6","author":"J Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0359213.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14095","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-14095-2018","article-title":"Trends in China\u2019s anthropogenic emissions since 2010 as the consequence of clean air actions","volume":"18","author":"B Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0359213.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-3413-2020","article-title":"A global anthropogenic emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants from sector- and fuel-specific sources (1970\u20132017): An application of the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS)","volume":"12","author":"EE McDuffie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst Sci Data"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2022.12.037","article-title":"The underappreciated role of fugitive VOCs in ozone formation and health risk assessment emitted from seven typical industries in China","volume":"136","author":"Z Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Environ Sci (China)"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121293","article-title":"Summer O3 pollution cycle characteristics and VOCs sources in a central city of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area, China","volume":"323","author":"Y Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0359213.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11423","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-11423-2020","article-title":"Increases in surface ozone pollution in China from 2013 to 2019: anthropogenic and meteorological influences","volume":"20","author":"K Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0359213.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.8b00366","article-title":"Severe surface ozone pollution in China: A global perspective","volume":"5","author":"X Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol Lett"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2022.119446","article-title":"Performance and application of air quality models on ozone simulation in China \u2013 A review","volume":"293","author":"J Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.116327","article-title":"Worsening ozone air pollution with reduced NOx and VOCs in the Pearl River Delta region in autumn 2019: Implications for national control policy in China","volume":"324","author":"M Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109603","article-title":"Defending blue sky in China: Effectiveness of the \u201cAir Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan\u201d on air quality improvements from 2013 to 2017","volume":"252","author":"Y Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.118865","article-title":"Evaluating the spatiotemporal ozone characteristics with high-resolution predictions in mainland China, 2013\u20132019","volume":"299","author":"X Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref023","volume-title":"WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines. Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide","author":"WHO","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref024","unstructured":"Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People\u2019s Republic of China. The ministry of ecology and environment announces the national environmental air quality status for December 2023 and the period from January to December. https:\/\/www.mee.gov.cn\/ywdt\/xwfb\/202401\/t20240125_1064784.shtml. 2024."},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153994","article-title":"Emission trends of industrial VOCs in China since the clean air action and future reduction perspectives","volume":"826","author":"M Simayi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.117392","article-title":"Summertime ozone pollution in Sichuan Basin, China: Meteorological conditions, sources and process analysis","volume":"226","author":"X Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162118","article-title":"Differences between VOCs and NOx transport contributions, their impacts on O3, and implications for O3 pollution mitigation based on CMAQ simulation over the Yangtze River Delta, China","volume":"872","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164703","article-title":"Identify the key emission sources for mitigating ozone pollution: A case study of urban area in the Yangtze River Delta region, China","volume":"892","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159903","article-title":"Characteristics of volatile organic compounds and secondary organic aerosol pollution in different functional areas of petrochemical industrial cities in Northwest China","volume":"858","author":"Y Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.117342","article-title":"An analysis of the effects of weather and air pollution on tropospheric ozone using a generalized additive model in Western China: Lanzhou, Gansu","volume":"224","author":"Y Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref031","unstructured":"Qingyang Ecological Environment Bureau. The air quality status of Qingyang City. https:\/\/sthj.zgqingyang.gov.cn\/zwgk\/zfxxgkml\/kqzlyb2sthj\/. 2024."},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref032","volume-title":"Ambient air\u2013determination of volatile organic compounds\u2013collected by specially-prepared canisters and analyzed by gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry","author":"National Environmental Protection Standards of the People\u2019s Republic of China (HJ759-2015)","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.139001","article-title":"A comprehensive investigation on source apportionment in urban Zhengzhou","volume":"334","author":"XX Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"40","key":"pone.0359213.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.01.026","article-title":"Development of the SAPRC-07 chemical mechanism","volume":"44","author":"WPL Carter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0359213.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00223-9","article-title":"Characterization of non-methane hydrocarbons in the rural southeast United States","volume":"31","author":"LM Hagerman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2016.03.025","article-title":"Ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potential from anthropogenic volatile organic compounds emissions in China","volume":"53","author":"W Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Environ Sci (China)"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120852","article-title":"Spatial heterogeneity of volatile organic compound pollution in a typical industrial park based on multi-point online monitoring: Pollution characteristics, health risks, and priority-controlled species","volume":"338","author":"M Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6037","DOI":"10.1029\/91JD03014","article-title":"Ozone precursor relationships in the ambient atmosphere","volume":"97","author":"WL Chameides","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.10.068","article-title":"Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of organic compounds: A review","volume":"41","author":"R Atkinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359213.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1063\/1.556012","article-title":"Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of volatile organic compounds: 1. Alkanes and Alkenes","volume":"26","author":"R Atkinson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0359213.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4605","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0206420","article-title":"Atmospheric degradation of volatile organic compounds","volume":"103","author":"R Atkinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150283","article-title":"Atmospheric volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in air pollution episodes in an urban area of Beijing: Characterization, health risk assessment and sources apportionment","volume":"806","author":"H Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0359213.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2021.01.013","article-title":"Characteristics, secondary transformation, and health risk assessment of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban Beijing, China","volume":"12","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmospheric Pollution Research"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.116534","article-title":"Analysis of VOC emissions and O3 control strategies in the Fenhe Plain cities, China","volume":"325","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2023.119755","article-title":"VOCs sources and roles in O3 formation in the central Yangtze River Delta region of China","volume":"302","author":"Z Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138609","article-title":"Characterizing sources and ozone formations of summertime volatile organic compounds observed in a medium-sized city in Yangtze River Delta region","volume":"328","author":"W Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.09.116","article-title":"Tropospheric volatile organic compounds in China","volume":"574","author":"H Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0359213.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11931","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-11931-2022","article-title":"Measurement report: Ambient volatile organic compound (VOC) pollution in urban Beijing: Characteristics, sources, and implications for pollution control","volume":"22","author":"L Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148348","article-title":"A newly integrated dataset of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) source profiles and implications for the future development of VOCs profiles in China","volume":"793","author":"Q Sha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"25","key":"pone.0359213.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.01.070","article-title":"Source profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured in China: Part I","volume":"42","author":"Y Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"pone.0359213.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.116902","article-title":"Characteristics and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Shanghai during summer: Implications of regional transport","volume":"215","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0359213.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos9080297","article-title":"Sources Profiles of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) measured in a typical industrial process in Wuhan, Central China","volume":"9","author":"L Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmosphere"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359213","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:33:53Z","timestamp":1790616833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359213"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Dipesh","family":"Rupakheti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","place":["CHINA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359213","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]}}}