{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:07:11Z","timestamp":1790878031323,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n A compact single-layer, single-feed tri-band directional antenna is presented for Wi-Fi 6\/6E systems. The target bands at 2.4, 5.2, and 6.0 GHz yield a highest-to-lowest frequency ratio of 2.50, making compact integration of the low-band radiator particularly challenging. To address this issue, the 2.4-GHz driven patch is reactively loaded with narrow capacitive gaps, shorting vias, and meandered sections, reducing its resonant length from 33 to 13 mm (approximately 61%). Two proximity-coupled parasitic patches generate the 5.2- and 6.0-GHz resonances. The spatially distinct current paths provide nearly independent control of the three operating bands. A prototype occupying 0.36\n \n \n \n \n \n \u03bb<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n \n \n \n \n \n \u00d7<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n 0.36\n \n \n \n \n \n \u03bb<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n \n \n \n \n \n \u00d7<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n 0.012\n \n \n \n \n \n \u03bb<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n , where\n \n \n \n \n \n \u03bb<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n is the free-space wavelength at 2.4 GHz, exhibits measured\n \n \n \n \n \n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n 10<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n -dB impedance bandwidths of 20, 90, and 100 MHz and peak broadside realized gains of 3.1, 5.8, and 6.8 dBi, respectively. The proposed configuration provides a compact and structurally simple solution for channel-specific Wi-Fi 6\/6E links.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0359290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:41:17Z","timestamp":1790876477000},"page":"e0359290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A compact single-layer tri-band directional antenna for Wi-Fi 6\/6E applications"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Anh","family":"Nguyen-Quang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PHENIKAA University","place":["Hanoi, Vietnam"],"department":["Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, PHENIKAA School of Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0652-2232","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hung","family":"Tran-Huy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PHENIKAA University","place":["Hanoi, Vietnam"],"department":["Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, PHENIKAA School of Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9582-0485","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hung","family":"Nguyen-Manh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanoi Open University","place":["Hanoi, Vietnam"],"department":["Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ikram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American University of Kuwait (AUK)","place":["Safat, Kuwait"],"department":["College of Engineering and Applied Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359290.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.21986","article-title":"Compact triband slotted printed monopole antenna for WLAN and WiMAX applications","volume":"30","author":"H Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J RF Microw Comput Aided Eng"},{"key":"pone.0359290.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8094908","article-title":"Triband Compact Printed Antenna for 2.4\/3.5\/5 GHz WLAN\/WiMAX Applications","volume":"2019","author":"P Osklang","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Antennas and Propagation"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0359290.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11182818","article-title":"A Miniaturized Triple-Band Antenna Based on Square Split Ring for IoT Applications","volume":"11","author":"DH Abdulzahra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359290.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s44468-026-00005-5","article-title":"Design of a CPW-Fed E-slotted patch antenna with defected ground structure for wireless applications","volume":"2","author":"TT Stephane Borel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv Metamaterials"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0359290.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.33395","article-title":"Low\u2010cost compact omnidirectional antenna for tri\u2010band Wi\u2010Fi 6E applications","volume":"64","author":"Z Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Micro & Optical Tech Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359290.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-35094-4","article-title":"A compact dual-band antenna using a gap-coupled monopole branch for Wi-Fi 6\/6E\/7 applications","volume":"16","author":"S Wi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0359290.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2023.155036","article-title":"A flexible CPW-fed tri-band four-port MIMO antenna for 5G\/WIFI 6E wearable applications","volume":"174","author":"X Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0359290.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13132430","article-title":"Compact asymmetric T-feed closed-slot antennas for 2.4\/5\/6 GHz WiFi-7 MIMO laptops","volume":"13","author":"SH Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0359290.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3601","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14183601","article-title":"Tri-Band Inverted-F Antenna for Wi-Fi 7 Laptops with Reduced Ground Plane Support","volume":"14","author":"Y-K Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0359290.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5817","DOI":"10.3390\/app12125817","article-title":"Tri-Band Bidirectional Antenna for 2.4\/5 GHz WLAN and Ku-Band Applications","volume":"12","author":"S Lamultree","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0359290.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menath A, Kumar V, Chandra A, Kumar R. Multi band miniaturized 2x2 MIMO antenna for sub-6GHz applications. IEEE Access. 2026.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2026.3656660"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0359290.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.14429\/dsj.73.18180","article-title":"A Frequency Tunable Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Reduction of Cross Polarisation for Wi MAX and Sub 6 GHz 5G Applications","volume":"73","author":"R Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Def Sc J"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0359290.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18112538","article-title":"A High-Gain and Dual-Band Compact Metasurface Antenna for Wi-Fi\/WLAN Applications","volume":"18","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0359290.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2021.153957","article-title":"A dual-band microstrip patch antenna for 2.45\/5-GHz WLAN applications","volume":"141","author":"FC Acikaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0359290.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7953","DOI":"10.3390\/s21237953","article-title":"Compact Dual-Band Antenna with Paired L-Shape Slots for On- and Off-Body Wireless Communication","volume":"21","author":"S Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"pone.0359290.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2024.155193","article-title":"A dual-band wideband high-gain slot loaded microstrip patch antenna","volume":"177","author":"L Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications"},{"key":"pone.0359290.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2019.06.021","article-title":"2.4\u20135.8 GHz dual-band patch antenna with FSS reflector for radiation parameters enhancement","volume":"108","author":"EMF Fernandes","year":"2019","journal-title":"AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0359290.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12112368","article-title":"Dual-band antenna on 3D-printed substrate for 2.4\/5.8 GHz ISM-band applications","volume":"12","author":"KN Olan-Nunez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0359290.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4529","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2020.2987289","article-title":"An Integrated Tri-Band Antenna System With Large Frequency Ratio for WLAN and WiGig Applications","volume":"68","author":"X Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Electron"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0359290.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2024.3517538","article-title":"A Tri-Frequency Shared-Aperture Antenna for Cooperative Work of V2X and Millimeter-Wave Bands","volume":"24","author":"J-E Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antennas Wirel Propag Lett"},{"key":"pone.0359290.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44147","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2026.3676069","article-title":"Compact high-frequency-ratio tri-band antenna for sub-6 GHz and mmwave co-integration","volume":"14","author":"MN Alam","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0359290.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5580","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2853160","article-title":"A Novel Tri-Band Patch Antenna With Broadside Radiation and Its Application to Filtering Antenna","volume":"66","author":"J-F Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0359290.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2021.3057092","article-title":"A Compact Cavity-Backed Tri-Band Antenna Design for Flush Mount GNSS (L 1\/ L 5) and SDARS Operations","volume":"20","author":"J-K Che","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antennas Wirel Propag Lett"},{"key":"pone.0359290.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERM18090102","article-title":"Single-feed single-patch triple-band single-beam\/dual-beam U-slotted patch antenna","volume":"77","author":"H Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Progress In Electromagnetics Research M"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359290.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2016.2632620","article-title":"Miniaturized Single-Feed Multiband Patch Antennas","volume":"65","author":"A Boukarkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0359290.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5842","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2015.2479216","article-title":"A Compact Tri-Band Dual-Polarized Corner-Truncated Sectoral Patch Antenna","volume":"63","author":"S Mathew","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0359290.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2022.3147378","article-title":"A tri-band patch antenna with dual rampart line structure","volume":"21","author":"Y Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0359290.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2021.3064908","article-title":"A Single-Layer Miniaturized Patch Antenna Based on Coupled Microstrips","volume":"20","author":"Z Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antennas Wirel Propag Lett"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359290","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:41:22Z","timestamp":1790876482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359290"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sachin","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida","place":["INDIA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359290","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}}}