{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:49:41Z","timestamp":1792788581293,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Science and Technology Research Project of the Education Department of Jiangxi Province","award":["GJJ2502105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ2502105"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04d8xwh61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42330108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42330108"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education Science and Technology Key Research Projects of China","award":["GJJ2402102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ2402102"]}]},{"name":"the Xinyu Key Research Project of Social Sciences","award":["26YGZ031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26YGZ031"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Desertification poses a significant threat to humanity\u2019s long-term survival and sustainable development. In this study, four types of 2D desertification assessment models were created by integrating surface albedo with four vegetation-related indicators: NDVI, MSAVI, EVI, and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF). A comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal variations in desertification on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) from 2001 to 2020 was then conducted. Among the four models, the SA-SIF model demonstrated the highest overall accuracy (0.8675; 95% CI: 0.8512\u20130.8838) and Kappa coefficient (0.8452; 95% CI: 0.8289\u20130.8615), significantly outperforming the other three models (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01, McNemar\u2019s test). The SA-SIF model\u2019s mapping results revealed substantial regional variability in desertification on the QTP, with the degree of desertification decreasing from northwest to southeast. Over the past decade, the expansion of severe and extremely severe desertification on the QTP has shown signs of slowing, although future trends may become more complex due to the interplay of climatic and anthropogenic factors. The SA-SIF model can serve as a reference for future desertification control operations on the QTP.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0359348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:26:51Z","timestamp":1790357211000},"page":"e0359348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping and dynamic monitoring of desertification on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using surface Albedo and Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4764-2943","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhijian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Computer, Xinyu University","place":["Xinyu, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research Ministry of Education\/Postdoctoral Research Station of Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University","place":["Nanchang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research Ministry of Education\/Postdoctoral Research Station of Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University","place":["Nanchang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Computer, Xinyu University","place":["Xinyu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linling","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University","place":["Nanchang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research Ministry of Education\/Postdoctoral Research Station of Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University","place":["Nanchang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0359348.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-018-9363-5","article-title":"The impacts of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: A review","volume":"62","author":"S Piao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci China Earth Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359348.ref002","first-page":"114","article-title":"Global climate change","volume":"2","author":"O Adedeji","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Geosci Environ Prot"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0359348.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2004.04.009","article-title":"Another reason for concern: regional and global impacts on ecosystems for different levels of climate change","volume":"14","author":"R Leemans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Global Environmental Change"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0359348.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2005.03.004","article-title":"Climate change and changes in global precipitation patterns: what do we know?","volume":"31","author":"MHI Dore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0359348.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-022-01281-0","article-title":"Increase in Arctic coastal erosion and its sensitivity to warming in the twenty-first century","volume":"12","author":"DM Nielsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Clim Chang"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0359348.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6350","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14246350","article-title":"Analysis of Permafrost Distribution and Change in the Mid-East Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau during 2012\u20132021 Using the New TLZ Model","volume":"14","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0359348.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.17350","article-title":"Climate warming accelerates carbon release from foliar litter-A global synthesis","volume":"30","author":"Z Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0359348.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-020-00725-6","article-title":"Influence of air temperature and precipitation on the risk of forest fires in Serbia","volume":"132","author":"S \u017divanovi\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meteorol Atmos Phys"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-73412-5_14","article-title":"Global warming and the urban heat island","author":"MJ Alcoforado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urban ecology: An international perspective on the interaction between humans and nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0359348.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051369","article-title":"Identification and Analysis of Heatwave Events Considering Temporal Continuity and Spatial Dynamics","volume":"15","author":"Y Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0359348.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6697","DOI":"10.3390\/su16156697","article-title":"Altitude-Shifted Climate Variables Dominate the Drought Effects on Alpine Grasslands over the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau","volume":"16","author":"X Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359348.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16010079","article-title":"Can the Accuracy of Fine-Resolution Precipitation Products Be Assessed from the Surrounding Water Balance and Drought Chain (WBDC) in the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau?","volume":"16","author":"R Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0359348.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16183461","article-title":"An Evaluation of Ecosystem Quality and Its Response to Aridity on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau","volume":"16","author":"Y Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0359348.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4414","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16234414","article-title":"Combining the SHAP Method and Machine Learning Algorithm for Desert Type Extraction and Change Analysis on the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau","volume":"16","author":"R Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0359348.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology6030066","article-title":"Drought and desertification in Iran","volume":"6","author":"I Emadodin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0359348.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/glr2.12055","article-title":"Revitalizing the grassland on the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau","volume":"2","author":"S Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Grassland Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359348.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25683-3","article-title":"Influences of climate change on area variation of Qinghai Lake on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau since 1980s","volume":"8","author":"L Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0359348.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-022-00299-4","article-title":"The imbalance of the Asian water tower","volume":"3","author":"T Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Earth Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359348.ref019","article-title":"Permafrost Degradation Diminishes Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration Capacity on the Qinghai\u2010Tibetan Plateau","volume":"36","author":"L Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0359348.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos15060712","article-title":"Analysis of Atmospheric Aerosol Changes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Region during 2009\u20132019 Using a New Fusion Algorithm","volume":"15","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0359348.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4635","DOI":"10.3390\/su14084635","article-title":"Evaluation of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Wind Erosion Prevention Service Based on RWEQ Model","volume":"14","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref022","first-page":"879","article-title":"Comparasion of crop water stress index (CWSI) and water deficit index (WDI) by using remote sensing (RS)","author":"C Tanriverdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infrastruktura i Ekologia Teren\u00f3w Wiejskich"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359348.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442-12.1.244","article-title":"A land surface water deficit model for an arid and semiarid region: Impact of desertification on the water deficit status in the Loess Plateau, China","volume":"12","author":"Q Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clim"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0359348.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<1100:TPDSIL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Palmer Drought Severity Index: Limitations and Assumptions","volume":"23","author":"WM Alley","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Climate Appl Meteor"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2017.07.060","article-title":"Assessing spatiotemporal variation of drought and its impact on maize yield in Northeast China","volume":"553","author":"E Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2013.04.025","article-title":"A simple soil moisture index for representing multi-year drought impacts on aspen productivity in the western Canadian interior","volume":"178","author":"EH Hogg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric For Meteorol"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2013.03.009","article-title":"Multivariate Standardized Drought Index: A parametric multi-index model","volume":"57","author":"Z Hao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Advances in Water Resources"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0359348.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/met.136","article-title":"On the use of standardized precipitation index (SPI) for drought intensity assessment","volume":"16","author":"NM Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Meteorol Appl"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.09.027","article-title":"Evaluation of a model-based groundwater drought indicator in the conterminous US","volume":"526","author":"B Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359348.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL032487","article-title":"Use of a standardized runoff index for characterizing hydrologic drought","volume":"35","author":"S Shukla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys Res Lett"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2018.07.001","article-title":"Drought monitoring and analysis: Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI)","volume":"106","author":"S Tirivarombo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A\/B\/C"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359348.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80527-3","article-title":"Spatiotemporal drought analysis by the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) in Sichuan Province, China","volume":"11","author":"C Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134585","article-title":"Monitoring drought using composite drought indices based on remote sensing","volume":"711","author":"Q Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23269-6_21","article-title":"Desertification and Land Degradation","author":"P D\u2019Odorico","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dryland Ecohydrology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0359348.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9552","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6109552","article-title":"Assessing Land Degradation and Desertification Using Vegetation Index Data: Current Frameworks and Future Directions","volume":"6","author":"T Higginbottom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359348.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/17538940903506006","article-title":"Tracking desertification on the Mongolian steppe through NDVI and field-survey data","volume":"4","author":"T Sternberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Digital Earth"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0359348.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5725","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14225725","article-title":"Effect of Snow Cover on Detecting Spring Phenology from Satellite-Derived Vegetation Indices in Alpine Grasslands","volume":"14","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref038","first-page":"1353691","article-title":"Significant remote sensing vegetation indices: A review of developments and applications","volume":"1","author":"J Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sens"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359348.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90134-1","article-title":"A modified soil adjusted vegetation index","volume":"48","author":"J Qi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","article-title":"Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices","volume":"83","author":"A Huete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0359348.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12664","article-title":"Estimation of vegetation photosynthetic capacity from space-based measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence for terrestrial biosphere models","volume":"20","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0359348.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13200","article-title":"Satellite chlorophyll fluorescence measurements reveal large-scale decoupling of photosynthesis and greenness dynamics in boreal evergreen forests","volume":"22","author":"S Walther","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2024.110174","article-title":"Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence tracks canopy photosynthesis under dry conditions in a semi-arid grassland","volume":"356","author":"Y Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0359348.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1134\/S2079096111030127","article-title":"A new approach to the monitoring of desertification centers","volume":"1","author":"AN Zolotokrylin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arid Ecosyst"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2020.104147","article-title":"Local climatically-driven changes of albedo and surface temperatures in the Sonoran Desert","volume":"178","author":"AN Zolotokrylin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Arid Environments"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0359348.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1029\/RG021i008p01743","article-title":"Surface albedo data for climatic modeling","volume":"21","author":"A Henderson-Sellers","year":"1983","journal-title":"Rev Geophys"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2687(08)60176-4","article-title":"Land Surface Processes and Climate-Surface Albedos and Energy Balance","volume":"25","author":"RE Dickinson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Adv Geophys"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0359348.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061382","article-title":"Review of land surface albedo: Variance characteristics, climate effect and management strategy","volume":"14","author":"X Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0359348.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12050837","article-title":"Human Activities Enhance Radiation Forcing through Surface Albedo Associated with Vegetation in Beijing","volume":"12","author":"X Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0359348.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060666","article-title":"Mapping climatological bare soil albedos over the contiguous United States using MODIS data","volume":"11","author":"T He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0359348.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/10\/104001","article-title":"Decreased surface albedo driven by denser vegetation on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"9","author":"L Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0359348.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3712","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183712","article-title":"Greening of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau and Its Response to Climate Variations along Elevation Gradients","volume":"13","author":"Z Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0359348.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13122336","article-title":"The Impact of Climate Change on the Surface Albedo over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"13","author":"C Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0359348.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16122064","article-title":"An Improved Gap-Filling Method for Reconstructing Dense Time-Series Images from LANDSAT 7 SLC-Off Data","volume":"16","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0359348.ref055","first-page":"39","article-title":"Data normalization using median median absolute deviation MMAD based Z-score for robust predictions vs. min\u2013max normalization","volume":"19","author":"S Kappal","year":"2019","journal-title":"London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359348.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1994.10476030","article-title":"The three sigma rule","volume":"48","author":"F Pukelsheim","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/52.3-4.591","article-title":"An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples)","volume":"52","author":"SS Shapiro","year":"1965","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0359348.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3383","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203383","article-title":"Comparison of Remote Sensing Time-Series Smoothing Methods for Grassland Spring Phenology Extraction on the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau","volume":"12","author":"N Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359348.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00068-8","article-title":"Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo: II. Validation","volume":"84","author":"S Liang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359348.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00205-4","article-title":"Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo I","volume":"76","author":"S Liang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.03.014","article-title":"A simple method for reconstructing a high-quality NDVI time-series data set based on the Savitzky\u2013Golay filter","volume":"91","author":"J Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0359348.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1109\/36.536541","article-title":"Designing optimal spectral indexes for remote sensing applications","volume":"34","author":"MM Verstraete","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2011.09.318","article-title":"The Construction and Application of an Aledo-NDVI Based Desertification Monitoring Model","volume":"10","author":"Z Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref064","first-page":"186","article-title":"The data model concept in statistical mapping","volume":"7","author":"GF Jenks","year":"1967","journal-title":"Int Yearb Cartogr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0359348.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2010.01408.x","article-title":"Multiple McNemar Tests","volume":"66","author":"PH Westfall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359348.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-020-00740-x","article-title":"Appraisal of kappa-based metrics and disagreement indices of accuracy assessment for parametric and nonparametric techniques used in LULC classification and change detection","volume":"6","author":"P Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Model Earth Syst Environ"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-38747-0_5","article-title":"Resampling Methods","author":"G James","year":"2023","journal-title":"An Introduction to Statistical Learning"},{"issue":"303","key":"pone.0359348.ref068","first-page":"690","article-title":"Chi-Square Tests with One Degree of Freedom; Extensions of the Mantel-Haenszel Procedure","volume":"58","author":"N Mantel","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref069","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pearson Correlation Coefficient","author":"J Benesty","year":"2009","journal-title":"Springer Topics in Signal Processing"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0359348.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-021-00517-6","article-title":"A single mutation underlying phenotypic convergence for hypoxia adaptation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"31","author":"D Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359348.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11821-1","article-title":"Dynamic monitoring of vegetation phenology on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau from 2001 to 2020 via the MSAVI and EVI","volume":"15","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0359348.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115206","article-title":"Response of vegetation phenology to hydrothermal variables on the QTP using EVI and MSAVI","volume":"29","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.269","article-title":"Seasonal patterns of canopy photosynthesis captured by remotely sensed sun-induced fluorescence and vegetation indexes in mid-to-high latitude forests: A cross-platform comparison","volume":"644","author":"X Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-9028-0_5","article-title":"Aeolian desertification processes","author":"T Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Combating aeolian desertification in Northeast Asia"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0359348.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16101709","article-title":"Remote Sensing and Modeling of the Cryosphere in High Mountain Asia: A Multidisciplinary Review","volume":"16","author":"Q Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0359348.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-020-5986-6","article-title":"A remote sensing monitoring method for alpine grasslands desertification in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"17","author":"Q Kuang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mt Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0359348.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101614","article-title":"Desertification information extraction based on feature space combinations on the Mongolian plateau","volume":"10","author":"H Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref078","article-title":"Spatial-temporal pattern of desertification in the Selenge River Basin of Mongolia from 1990 to 2020","volume":"11","author":"S Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Environ Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0359348.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092355","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Variations in the Sensitivity of Vegetation Growth to Typical Climate Factors on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau","volume":"15","author":"K Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0359348.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.7953","article-title":"Temporal variability of precipitation over the Qinghai\u2010Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas in the last 40 years","volume":"43","author":"HL Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Climatol"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2024.108392","article-title":"Quantifying the impact of natural and human activity factors on desertification in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"246","author":"Y Zhi","year":"2024","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2020.00270","article-title":"Changes in the Seasonally Frozen Ground Over the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the Past 60 Years","volume":"8","author":"C Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Earth Sci"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0359348.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4830","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194830","article-title":"Vegetation Growth Status and Topographic Effects in Frozen Soil Regions on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau","volume":"14","author":"R Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2015.06.031","article-title":"Human-Induced Grassland Degradation\/Restoration in the Central Tibetan Plateau: The Effects of Ecological Protection and Restoration Projects","volume":"83","author":"H Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol Eng"},{"key":"pone.0359348.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.02.045","article-title":"Satellite-observed solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence reveals higher sensitivity of alpine ecosystems to snow cover on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"271","author":"B Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric For Meteorol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359348.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi15010019","article-title":"A GIS-Based Approach to Analyzing Traffic Accidents and Their Spatial and Temporal Distribution: A Case Study of the Antalya City Center","volume":"15","author":"MA Yalcin","year":"2026","journal-title":"IJGI"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0359348.ref087","article-title":"Long-term dynamics of peak photosynthesis timing and environmental controls in the Tibetan Plateau monitored by satellite solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"17","author":"Z Tu","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Digital Earth"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359348","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:27:04Z","timestamp":1790357224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359348"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mikalai","family":"Filonchyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Jiaotong University","place":["CHINA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0359348","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]}}}