{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:59:12Z","timestamp":1790704752731,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gender disparities in methodological studies are largely unexplored. We aimed to examine gender representation between first and last authorship positions in methodological research in health science.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched for methodological articles as part of a large study focused on creating a methodological study reporting checklist. We extracted the names of the first and last authors of all included studies and determined their gender using Genderize.io, classifying authors as women if the gender probability was\u2009\u2265\u200960%. Our primary outcome was the proportion of studies with women in leadership roles (first or last author as separate outcomes). Secondary outcomes included the proportion of studies with both or either the first or last authors as women. We examined associations between women\u2019s leadership and country income level, World Health Organization region, number of authors on the study team, and publication year.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 1,375 included studies, the genders of 1,332 first authors and 1,334 last authors were determined. Among first authors, 675 (50.7%) were women, and 657 (49.3%) were men, indicating no gender difference. Among last authors, 486 (36.4%) were women, and 848 (63.6%) were men, with a statistically significant difference (\u03c7\u00b2\u2009=\u200998.23, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Studies with women last authors had fewer listed co-authors than those with men (t\u2009=\u2009\u22123.63, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; risk difference\u2009=\u2009\u221227.14%, 95% CI \u221232.50% to \u221221.77%). In adjusted models, women\u2019s last authorship was negatively associated with number of authors (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=0.93, 95% CI 0.90\u20130.97). Publication year was associated with both women first (aOR=1.03, 95% CI 1.01\u20131.05) and last (aOR=1.05, 95% CI 1.02\u20131.07) authorship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings highlight a gender disparity in last authorship positions, with men more often in these roles. The association between women last authorship position and smaller author teams may reflect differences in collaborative structure and access to leadership opportunities in larger-scale methodological research. Addressing these disparities can help foster more inclusive research environments, especially within methodological research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0359403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:27:34Z","timestamp":1790702854000},"page":"e0359403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gender disparities in leadership of methodological research in health science"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7852-139X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicolette","family":"Christodoulakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"],"department":["Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daeria O.","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"],"department":["Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessyca","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"],"department":["Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4626-0409","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jack","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"],"department":["McMaster University Libraries"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6106-5073","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura N.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"],"department":["Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harriette G. C.","family":"Van Spall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"],"department":["Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen H.","family":"Logie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"department":["Factor Inwentash Faculty of Social Work"]},{"name":"Women\u2019s College Research Institute, Women\u2019s College Hospital","place":["Toronto, Ontario, Canada"]},{"name":"United Nations University Institute for Water Environment, and Health (UNU-INWEH)","place":["Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5855-5461","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lawrence","family":"Mbuagbaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Ontario, 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