{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:00:50Z","timestamp":1791396050904,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the ongoing efforts of architectural heritage renovation, ornamental motifs serve not only as aesthetic embellishments but also as carriers of cultural symbolism. However, how their visual perception influences public aesthetic judgments and conservation intentions remains underexplored. This study focuses on two types of culturally embedded motifs \u2013 the native Chinese dragon and the imported lion \u2013 and examines their impact under two visual forms (2D and 3D) within a 2\u2009\u00d7\u20092 experimental framework. A combination of eye-tracking measures and questionnaire assessments was employed with a sample of 80 participants to investigate the effects of iconographic category and visual form on four dependent variables: aesthetic pleasure, conservation intention, fixation time, and time to first fixation. Results revealed significant main effects of both iconographic category and visual form across all outcome variables. Notably, significant interactions were found in conservation intention and time to first fixation. This study advances understanding of how iconographic meaning and visual form jointly shape visual attention, aesthetic evaluation, and conservation intention in architectural heritage contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0359522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:33:58Z","timestamp":1791394438000},"page":"e0359522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ornamental motifs and visual concerns: Exploring aesthetic pleasure and conservation intention in architectural heritage renovation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Han","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Arts, Universiti Sains Malaysia","place":["Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5132-086X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhizam","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Arts, Universiti Sains Malaysia","place":["Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihao","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Arts, Universiti Sains Malaysia","place":["Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongchun","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Arts and Design, Qilu University of Technology","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karima Hussein Abdulhaleem","family":"Hemida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Arts, Jeddah International College","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0765-4619","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Art Design, Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0359522.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2022.02.005","article-title":"Old buildings need new ideas: Holistic integration of conservation-restoration process data using Heritage Building Information Modelling","volume":"55","author":"KM Rebec","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Cultural Heritage"},{"key":"pone.0359522.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2020.02.013","article-title":"Preserving cultural heritage: Shifting paradigms in the face of war, occupation, and identity","volume":"44","author":"S Bleibleh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cultural Heritage"},{"key":"pone.0359522.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dibe.2022.100102","article-title":"Fire in heritage and historic buildings, a major challenge for the 21st century","volume":"13","author":"E Garcia-Castillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Developments in the Built Environment"},{"key":"pone.0359522.ref004","article-title":"Balancing priorities: An importance-performance analysis of architectural heritage protection in China\u2019s historical cities","volume":"2024","author":"Z Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Archit Res"},{"key":"pone.0359522.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.102913","article-title":"Attitudes matter: Measuring the intention-behaviour gap in built heritage conservation","volume":"70","author":"J Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0359522.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4842","DOI":"10.1080\/13467581.2024.2431300","article-title":"Resonance of literati spirit and space: investigating the cultural atmosphere within traditional Chinese academy architecture","volume":"24","author":"J Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering"},{"key":"pone.0359522.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2012.08.207","article-title":"Ornamental art and architectural decoration","volume":"51","author":"A Mitrache","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia - 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