{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:58:43Z","timestamp":1791223123846,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Military reserves are an essential component of any country\u2019s defence system. This study analyzes the Spanish model of voluntary reservists, involving over 3,000 citizens who temporarily join the Armed Forces to train and serve in areas related to their expertise. Using a territory-level dataset covering 2020\u20132024, the article integrates perspectives from rational choice theory, new institutionalism, public service motivation, and gender studies into a multi-layered explanatory framework. Results indicate that economic and institutional variables are systematically associated with regional differences in reservist numbers, while symbolic factors\u2014proxied through online salience\u2014show mixed but suggestive evidence. The analysis also identifies trends within the reservist population, including increasing female participation, aging, and a limited activation rate. Overall, the findings support a multidimensional model of engagement and offer insights for recruitment strategies, gender integration debates, and civil\u2013military relations in democratic societies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0359544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:36:11Z","timestamp":1791221771000},"page":"e0359544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serving by choice: Motivations and determinants of voluntary military reservism in Spain"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Baqu\u00e9s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Constitutional Law, and Philosophy of Law, Universitat de Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"],"department":["Department of Political Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanesa","family":"Berlanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Abat Oliba CEU, CEU Universities","place":["Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"],"department":["Department of Education and Humanities"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Pina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Zaragoza","place":["Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain"],"department":["Department of Marketing Management and Market Research"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2035-8128","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Franciele","family":"Corti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Abat Oliba CEU, CEU Universities","place":["Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"],"department":["Department of Education and Humanities"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0359544.ref001","first-page":"123","article-title":"La evoluci\u00f3n del reservismo en Espa\u00f1a: an\u00e1lisis normativo y operativo","volume":"15","author":"C Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cuad Polit Mil"},{"key":"pone.0359544.ref002","volume-title":"El reservismo militar en Espa\u00f1a","author":"Ministerio de Defensa","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0359544.ref003","volume-title":"Estad\u00edstica de personal reservista (A\u00f1o 2020)","author":"Ministerio de Defensa","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0359544.ref004","volume-title":"Estad\u00edstica de personal reservista (a\u00f1o 2022)","author":"Ministerio de Defensa","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0359544.ref005","article-title":"Hacia una reinvenci\u00f3n del reservismo militar voluntario en Espa\u00f1a","volume":"2","author":"JF Zamora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pre-bie3"},{"key":"pone.0359544.ref006","first-page":"58","article-title":"El derecho y el deber de servir a Espa\u00f1a","volume":"928","author":"JF Zamora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Ejerc Tierra Esp"},{"key":"pone.0359544.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003306399","volume-title":"Contemporary military reserves: Between the civilian and military worlds","author":"E Ben-Ari","year":"2022","edition":"1"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0359544.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/0095327X10396027","article-title":"Reserve Forces\u2014After the Cold War: An International Perspective","volume":"37","author":"J Griffith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Armed Forces Soc"},{"key":"pone.0359544.ref009","volume-title":"El reservismo militar en Espa\u00f1a","author":"R Garc\u00eda Robles","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0359544.ref010","volume-title":"An\u00e1lisis cr\u00edtico del modelo espa\u00f1ol de reservistas voluntarios","author":"M Pintado","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0359544.ref011","unstructured":"Quesada JM. 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